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Lectures on Numerical Methods in Bifurcation Problems
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A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature
Lectures on Sieve Methods and Prime Number Theory
Dollars and Sense by William Crosbie Hunter
The Theory of the Theatre by Clayton Hamilton
The Mathematics of Investment
Occupiers of Wall Street: Losers or Game Changers
The Solution of the Pyramid Problem
Lectures on Moduli of Curves
Walden by Henry David Thoreau
Methods for Finding Zeros in Polynomials
Lectures on Stochastic Flows and Applications
Educational Psychology by Edward L. Thorndike
The Last Days of Tolstoy by V. G. Chertkov
Globalization and Responsibility
Lectures on Siegel Modular Forms and Representation by Quadratic Forms
Lectures on Topics In One-Parameter Bifurcation Problems
History of the Incas by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
Linear Algebra: Theorems and Applications
Lectures on Stochastic Differential Equations and Malliavin Calculus
A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature
Lectures on Sieve Methods and Prime Number Theory
Dollars and Sense by William Crosbie Hunter
The Theory of the Theatre by Clayton Hamilton
The Mathematics of Investment
Occupiers of Wall Street: Losers or Game Changers
The Solution of the Pyramid Problem
Lectures on Moduli of Curves
Walden by Henry David Thoreau
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泌尿外科学
Posted on 2010-10-31
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正常的尿液含有极少量的红细胞。未经离心的尿液在显微镜下每个高倍视野可有红细胞0~2个,如果超过此数,即为血尿。血尿是泌尿及男性生殖系疾患最常见和最重要的症状。造成血尿的最主要原因是泌尿系及男性生殖系疾患。此外亦可由泌尿系之外的其它疾患所致,如心血管疾患、血液疾病、过敏性疾病等均可发生血尿。对泌尿外科来说,肉眼血尿的临床意义更为重要,应引起高度重视。诊断时应注意与色素尿、血红蛋白尿以及月经血或痔核出血混入尿液等进行区别。对于血尿患者的诊断,就是要解决定位和定性两个问题,即血液来自何处和出血的原因。
(一)血尿的定位分析 1.初血尿:血尿仅见于排尿的开始,病变多在尿道。 2.终末血尿:排尿行将结束时出现血尿,病变多在膀胱三角区、膀胱颈部或后尿道。 3.全程血尿:血尿出现在排尿的全过程,出血部位多在膀胱、输尿管或肾脏。 以上三种血尿,可用尿三杯试验加以区别。 (二)血尿的定性分析 血尿的原因可以从其是否伴有其它症状进行分析。无症状的血尿应首先考虑泌尿系肿瘤的可能性。血尿伴有疼痛,尤其是伴有绞痛应考虑尿路结石,如伴有尿痛及尿流中断,应考虑膀胱结石,如伴有明显膀胱刺激症状,则以尿路感染、泌尿系结核以及膀胱肿瘤等为多见。此外,应结合患者病史、年龄、血尿的色泽、程度等对血尿的原因进行综合判断。
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