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Weapons of Terror, Freeing the World of Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Arms Hans Blix, WMDC Chairman Weapons Of Mass Destruction Commission (WMDC)

WHY ACTION IS NECESSARY

Nuclear, biological and chemical arms are the most inhumane of all weapons. Designed to terrify as well as destroy, they can, in the hands of either states or non-state actors, cause destruction on a vastly greater scale than any conventional weapons, and their impact is far more indiscriminate and long-lasting.

So long as any state has such weapons – especially nuclear arms – others will want them. So long as any such weapons remain in any state’s arsenal, there is a high risk that they will one day be used, by design or accident. Any such use would be catastrophic. Notwithstanding the end of the Cold War balance of terror, stocks of such weapons remain extraordinarily and alarmingly high: some 27,000 in the case of nuclear weapons, of which around 12,000 are still actively deployed.

Weapons of mass destruction cannot be uninvented. But they can be outlawed, as biological and chemical weapons already have been, and their use made unthinkable. Compliance, verification and enforcement rules can, with the requisite will, be effectively applied. And with that will, even the eventual elimination of nuclear weapons is not beyond the world’s reach. Over the past decade, there has been a serious, and dangerous, loss of momentum and direction in disarmament and non-proliferation efforts. Treaty making and implementation have stalled and, as a new wave of proliferation has threatened, unilateral enforcement action has been increasingly advocated.

In 2005 there were two loud wake-up calls in the failure of the NPT Review Conference and in the inability of the World Summit to agree on a single line about any WMD issue. It is critical for those calls to be heeded now.

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Subject:

Political Science

Government - National

Politics / International Relations

Political Freedom & Security - International Security

Contents

Front Cover

Title Place

Copyright

Contents

Abbreviations

Chairman’s preface

Synopsis

Chapter 1. Reviving disarmament

Why weapons of mass destruction matter

Disarmament in disarray

The aim and approach of this report

Chapter 2. Weapons of terror: threats and responses

The nature of threats from weapons of mass destruction

Nuclear-weapon threats

Biological-weapon threats

Chemical-weapon threats

Traditional responses to threats of weapons of mass destruction

Unilateral responses

Bilateral responses

Plurilateral responses

Regional responses

Global responses

Weaknesses in traditional responses

Lack of universality

Withdrawal

Inadequate verification

Non-compliance

Lack of enforcement

New responses to threats from weapons of terror

Counter-proliferation

Three conclusions for collective action

Chapter 3. Nuclear weapons

Preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons

The Non-Proliferation Treaty

Evolving treaty commitments

Cases of non-compliance

Security assurances

The fuel cycle: controlling the production of enriched uranium and plutonium

Fissile material clean-out

Regional issues and arrangements

Preventing nuclear terrorism

How could terrorists acquire nuclear weapons?

Physical protection measures

Reducing the threat and the numbers of existing nuclear weapons

The need to re-examine and revise nuclear doctrines

Deployment of nuclear weapons

New limits on deployments of non-strategic nuclear weapons

Development of new nuclear weapons

Disposal of fissile material from warheads

Ending production of weapons-usable fissile material: a fissile material cut-off treaty

Ending all nuclear-weapon tests: the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

From regulating nuclear weapons to outlawing them

Chapter 4. Biological and toxin weapons

Prohibition of biological weapons

Prospects for the future

Strengthening the role of the Convention

National implementation

Institutional deficit

Implementation of the Convention

Life sciences and the role of scientists

Chapter 5. Chemical weapons

The Chemical Weapons Convention

Destroying the chemical-weapon stockpiles

Promoting universality

Non-lethal weapons, incapacitants and riot control agents

Enhancing the CWC’s inspection and monitoring capacity

Chemical terrorism

The threat of terrorist attacks against chemical industry

Chapter 6. Delivery means, missile defences, and weapons in space

Means of WMD delivery

Missile defences

The weaponization of space

Current status of the outer space security regime

Chapter 7. Export controls, international assistance, and non-governmental actors

Export controls and other controls on the movement of goods

Control of movement of goods

International assistance for non-proliferation and disarmament

Sectoral roles: business, research, voluntary organizations and the public

The responsibility of companies and the business sector

The responsibility of scientists: codes of conduct

Democratic control: role of representative institutions

Democratic control: NGOs and transparency

Public information and education

Chapter 8. Compliance, verification, enforcement and the role of the United Nations

Compliance

Verification

Enforcement

The role of the United Nations

The United Nations disarmament machinery

The role of the UN Security Council

Beyond WMD

ANNEX 1: WMDC recommendations

ANNEX 2: Work of the commission

Mandate of the Commission

Commissioners’ biographies

Secretariat

Financial and organizational support

Acknowledgements

Commission’s sessions

Seminars and other public meetings

Published WMDC studies

Index

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