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The Merchant of Venice(威尼斯商人)
Posted on 2010-04-27
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于世界文学史中，足以笼罩一世，凌越千古，卓然为词坛之宗匠，诗人之冠冕者，其唯希腊之荷马，意大利之但丁，英之莎士比亚，德之歌德乎，此四子者，各于其不同之时代及环境中，发为不朽之歌声。然荷马史诗中之英雄，既与吾人之现实生活相去太远；但丁之天堂地狱，又与近代思想诸多低语；歌德距吾人较近，实为近代精神之卓越的代表。但以超脱对空限制一点而论，则莎士比亚之成就，实远在三子之上。盖莎翁笔下之人物，虽多为古代之贵族阶级，然其所发掘者，实为古今中外贵贱贫富人人所同具之人性。故虽经三百余年以后，不仅其书为全世界文学之士所耽读，其剧本且在各国舞台与银幕上历久搬演而不衰，盖由其作品中具有永久性与普遍性，故能深入人心如此耳。
中国读者耳闻莎翁大名已久，文坛知名之士，亦曾将其作品，译出多种，然历观坊间各译本，失之于粗疏草率者尚少，失之于拘泥生硬者实繁有徒。拘泥字句之结果，不仅原作神味，荡然无存，甚至艰深晦涩，有若天书，令人不能阅读，此则译者之过，莎翁不能任其咎者也。 余笃嗜莎剧，曾首尾研涌全集至少十余遍，于原作精神，自觉颇有会心。开四年春，得前辈同事詹先生之鼓励，始着手为翻译全集之尝试。越年战事发生，历年来辛苦搜集之各种莎集版本，及诸家注译考证批评之书，不下一二百册，全数毁于炮火，仓卒中只携出牛津版全集一册，及译稿数本而已，而后辗转流徙，为生活而奔波，更无暇晷，以续未竟之志。及卅一年春，目观世变日亟，闭户家居，摈绝外务，始得惠心一志，致力译事。虽贫穷疾病，交相煎迫，而埋头伏案，握管不辍。前后历十年而全稿完成，夫以译莎工作之艰巨，十年之功，不可云久，然毕生精力，殆已尽注于兹矣。 余译此书之宗旨，第一在求于最大可能之范围内，保持原作之神韵；必不得已而求其次，亦必以明白晓畅之字句，忠实传达原文之意趣；而于逐字逐句对照式之硬译，则未敢赞同。凡遇原文中与中国语法不合之处，往往再三咀嚼，不惜全部更易原文之结构，务使作者之命意豁然呈露，不为晦涩之字句所掩蔽。每译一段，必先自拟为读者，查阅译文中有无暧昧不明之处。又必自拟为舞台上之演员，审辨语调是否顺口，音节是否调和。一字一字之未惬，往往苦思累日。然才力所限，未能尽符理想；乡居僻陋，既无参考之书籍，又鲜质疑之师友。谬误之处，自知不免。所望海内学人，惠予纠正，幸甚幸甚！ 原文全集在编次方面，不甚惬当，兹特依据各剧性质，分为“喜剧”、“悲剧”、“传奇剧”、“史剧”四辑，每辑各自成一系统。读者循是以求，不难获见莎翁作品之全貌。昔卡莱尔尝云：“吾人宁失百印度，不愿失一莎士比亚”。夫莎士比亚为世界的诗人，固非一国所可独占；倘若此集之出版，使此大诗人之作品，得以普及中国读者之间，则译者之劳力，庶几不为虚掷矣。知我罪我，惟在读者。
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