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by Benjamin Crowell

1 Newtonian Physics 0-9704670-1-X

2 Conservation Laws 0-9704670-2-8

3 Vibrations and Waves 0-9704670-3-6

4 Electricity and Magnetism 0-9704670-4-4

5 Optics 0-9704670-5-2

6 The Modern Revolution in Physics 0-9704670-6-0

Simple Nature 0-9704670-7-9

Discover Physics 0-9704670-8-7

pdf formaf - 34,6 MB

1 Newtonian Physics Matter moves at constant speed in a straight line unless a force acts on it. (This seems intuitively wrong only because we tend to forget the role of friction forces.) Objects made of matter can exert forces on each other, causing changes in their motion. A more massive object changes its motion more slowly in response to a given force.

2 Conservation Laws Newton's matter-and-forces picture of the universe is fine as far as it goes, but it doesn't apply to light, which is a form of pure energy without mass. A more powerful world-view, applying equally well to both light and matter, is provided by the conservation laws, for instance the law of conservation of energy, which states that energy can never be destroyed or created but only changed from one form into another.

3 Vibrations and Waves Light is a wave. We learn how waves travel through space, pass through each other, speed up, slow down, and are reflected.

4 Electricity and Magnetism Matter is made out of particles such as electrons and protons, which are held together by electrical forces. Light is a wave that is made out of patterns of electric and magnetic force.

5 Optics Devices such as eyeglasses and searchlights use matter (lenses and mirrors) to manipulate light.

6 The Modern Revolution in Physics Until the twentieth century, physicists thought that matter was made out of particles and light was purely a wave phenomenon. We now know that both light and matter are made of building blocks that have both particle and wave properties. In the process of understanding this apparent contradiction, we find that the universe is a much stranger place than Newton had ever imagined, and also learn the basis for such devices as lasers and computer chips.

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