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Advances in Geophysics, 46

The purpose of this publication is to review a particular class of methods for imaging earth structure called seismic traveltime tomography. This is a form of seismic traveltime inversion that is used to constrain 2-D and 3-D models of the Earth represented by a significant number of parameters. This work sets out to review commonly used methods of traveltime inversion for crustal and lithospheric imaging from the mid 1970s, when seismic tomography was first used, until recently, and provide a comprehensive list of references.

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In Section 1 the basic concepts underlying seismic traveltime tomography areintroduced, and the four types of data for analyzing crustal and lithospheric structure are described (i.e. coincident reflection, refraction and wide-angle reflection, local earthquake and teleseismic).

In Section 2, we review methods of seismic traveltime tomography, and in particular focus on model parameterization, techniques for determining traveltimes, inversion schemes and practical methods for analyzing solution robustness.

Application of these methods to each of the four data types are then presented and compared in Section 3, with most examples taken from the existing literature.

In Section 4, we conclude with a discussion on possible future developments in seismic traveltime tomography.

Table of Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Motivation

1.2 Seismic Traveltime Tomography: Formulation

1.3 Traveltime Data used in Studies of the Crust and Lithosphere

2 Methods of Traveltime Inversion

2.1 Representation of Structure

2.1.1 Velocity Parameterization

2.1.2 Including Interfaces

2.2 Traveltime Determination

2.2.1 Ray Tracing2.2.2 Wavefront Tracking

2.2.3 Shortest Path Ray Tracing (SPR)

2.3 Solving the Inverse Step

2.3.1 Backprojection

2.3.2 Gradient Methods

2.3.3 Global Optimization

2.4 Analysis of Solution Quality

2.4.1 Resolution and Covariance Matrices

2.4.2 Synthetic Tests

3 Applications to Observed Data

3.1 Reflection Tomography

3.2 Wide-Angle Tomography

3.3 Local Earthquake Tomography

3.4 Teleseismic Tomography

4 Future Developments

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

References

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