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This publication highlights the potential contribution of bioenergy to world energy demand. It summarises the wide range of biomass resources available and potentially available, the conversion options, and end-use applications. Associated issues of market development, international bioenergy trade, and competition for biomass are also presented. Finally, the potential of bioenergy is compared with other energy supply options.

ABSTRACT

Biomass is a versatile raw material that can be used for production of heat, power, transport fuels, and bioproducts. When produced and used on a sustainable basis, it is a carbon-neutral carrier and can make a large contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Currently, biomass-driven combined heat and power, co-firing, and combustion plants provide reliable, efficient, and clean power and heat. Production and use of biofuels are growing at a very rapid pace. Sugar cane-based ethanol is already a competitive biofuel in tropical regions. In the medium term, ethanol and high-quality synthetic fuels from woody biomass are expected to be competitive at crude oil prices above US$45 per barrel.

Feedstocks for bioenergy plants can include residues from agriculture, forestry, and the wood processing industry, as well as biomass produced from degraded and marginal lands. Biomass for energy may also be produced on good quality agricultural and pasture lands without jeopardising the world’s food and feed supply if agricultural land use efficiency is increased, especially in developing regions. Revenues from biomass and biomass-derived products could provide a key lever for rural development and enhanced agricultural production.

Certification schemes are already established to ensure sustainable production of forest biomass and could be adopted to guide residue recovery and energy crop production. Biomass utilisation will be optimised by processing in biorefineries for both products and energy carriers.

Given these possibilities, the potential contribution of bioenergy to the world energy demand of some 467 EJ per year (2004) may be increased considerably compared to the current 45-55 EJ. A range from 200-400 EJ per year in biomass harvested for energy production may be expected during this century. Assuming expected average conversion efficiencies, this would result in 130-260 EJ per year of transport fuels or 100-200 EJ per year of electricity.

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