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1. Introduction

2. Reaction of Alkanes

3. Reaction of Alkenes

3.1. Electrophilic Additions of Alkenes

3.2. Radical Reactions of Alkenes

3.2.1. Radical Polymerization of Alkenes

3.2.2. Radical Additions

3.2.3. Radical Cyclization

3.3. Carbene Reactions

3.3.1. The Generation of Carbenes in Aqueous Media

3.3.2. The Stability of Carbenes

3.3.3. The Reaction of Carbenes with Alkenes in Aqueous Media

3.4. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Additions

3.4.1. Polymerizations

3.4.2. Heck Reactions and Related Vinylation/Arylation

3.4.3. Hydrovinylation

3.4.4. Reaction with Arenes

3.4.5. Hydroformylation

3.4.6. Reaction with Alkynes

3.4.7. Carbonylation

3.5. Olefin Metathesis

3.5.1. Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

3.5.2. Ring-Closing Metathesis (RCM)

3.6. Cycloaddition Reactions of Alkenes and Conjugated Alkenes

4. Reaction of Alkynes

4.1. Reaction of Terminal Alkynes

4.1.1. Alkyne Oxidative Dimerization

4.1.2. Alkyne Dimerization

4.1.3. Reaction of Alkynes with Organic Halides

4.1.4. Reaction of Alkynes with Carbonyl Compounds

4.1.5. Reaction with Imines

4.1.6. Conjugate Addition

4.2. Reaction of CtC Bonds

4.2.1. Nucleophilic Additions

4.2.2. Electrophilic Addition

4.2.3. Hydrocarboxylation

4.2.4. Hydrophosphinylation

4.2.5. Hydrometalation/Coupling

4.2.6. Pauson-Khand-Type Reactions

4.2.7. Other Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Cyclization Reactions

4.2.8. Reductive Coupling

5. Reaction of Aromatic Compounds

5.1. Electrophilic Substitutions

5.2. Radical Substitution

5.3. Oxidative Coupling

5.4. Photochemical Reactions

6. Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds

6.1. Nucleophilic Additions

6.1.1. Allylation

6.1.2. Propargylation

6.1.3. Benzylation

6.1.4. Arylation/Vinylation

6.1.5. Alkynylation

6.1.6. Alkylation

6.1.7. Reformatsky-Type Reaction

6.1.8. Direct Aldol Reaction

6.1.9. Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction

6.1.10. Hydrogen Cyanide Addition

6.2. Pinacol Coupling

6.3. Wittig Reactions

7. Reaction of R,â-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds

7.1. Conjugate Additions

7.1.1. Addition of R-Carbonyl Compounds

7.1.2. Addition of Allyl Groups

7.1.3. Addition of Alkyl Groups

7.1.4. Addition of Vinyl and Aryl Groups

7.1.5. Other Conjugate Additions

7.2. Baylis-Hillman Reactions

7.3. Reductive Coupling

8. Reaction of CdN, C-N, and CtN Compounds

8.1. Nucleophilic Additions

8.1.1. Mannich-Type Reactions

8.1.2. Addition of Allyl Groups

8.1.3. Reaction with Propargyl Groups

8.1.4. Addition of Alkyl Groups

8.1.5. Addition of Vinyl and Aryl Groups

8.1.6. Other Nucleophilic Additions

8.2. Reductive Coupling

9. Reaction of Organic Halides

9.1. Nucleophilic Substitution

9.2. Reductive Coupling

9.2.1. Wurtz-Type Coupling

9.2.2. Ullmann-Type Coupling and Related Reactions

9.3. Carbonylation of Organic Halides

9.3.1. Carbonylation of Alkyl Halides

9.3.2. Carbonylation of Allylic and Benzylic Halides

9.3.3. Carbonylation of Aryl Halides

9.4. The Heck Coupling

9.5. The Suzuki Coupling

9.6. The Stille Coupling

9.7. Other Couplings

9.8. The Trost-Tsuji Reaction

10. Pericyclic Reactions

10.1. Diels-Alder Reactions

10.1.1. Diels-Alder Reactions Promoted by Water

10.1.2. Lewis-Acid-Catalyzed Reactions

10.1.3. Asymmetric Diels-Alder Reactions in Water

10.1.4. Theoretical Studies

10.1.5. Synthetic Applications

10.2. Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions

10.2.1. Water-Promoted and Acid-Catalyzed Reactions

10.2.2. Asymmetric Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions

10.3. Other Cyclization Reactions

10.3.1. Alder-ene Reactions

10.3.2. 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions

10.4. Sigmatropic Rearrangements

10.4.1. Claisen Rearrangements

10.4.2. Cope Rearrangements

10.5. Photochemical Cycloaddition Reactions

11. Conclusion

12. Acknowledgment

13. Note Added in Proof

14. References

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