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Leonard Peikoff, "Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand"

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This brilliantly conceived book is based on a lecture course given by Dr. Leonard Peikoff in 1976 entitled, "The Philosophy of objectivism". The lectures were attended by Ayn Rand, who helped prepare them and who also joined Peikoff in answering questions. Ayn Rand said of these lectures: "Until or unless I write a comprehensive treatise on my philosophy, Dr. Peikoff's course is the only authorized presentation of the entire theoretical structure of objectivism; that is, the only one that I know of my own knowledge to be fully accurate."

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Peikoff, as Rand's foremost interpreter, here reveals both the abstract fundamentals of objectivism and its practical applications, with much new material that Rand offered only in private conversations with Peikoff.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Reality

Existence, Consciousness, and Identity as the Basic Axioms

Causality as a Corollary of Identity

Existence as Possessing Primacy Over Consciousness

The metaphysically Given as Absolute

Idealism and Materialism as the Rejection of Basic Axioms

Chapter 2: Sense Perception and Volition

The Senses as Necessarily Valid

Sensory Qualities as Real

Consciousness as Possessing Identity

The Perceptual Level as the Given

The Primary Choice as the Choice to Focus Or Not

Human Actions, Mental and Physical, as Both Caused and Free

Volition as Axiomatic

Chapter 3: Concept-Formation

Differentiation and Integration as the Means to a Unit-Perspective

Concept-Formation as a Mathematical Process

Concepts of Consciousness as Involving Measurement-Omission

Definition as the Final Step in Concept-Formation

Concepts as Devices to Achieve Unit-Economy

Chapter 4: objectivity

Concepts as objective

objectivity as Volitional Adherence to Reality by the Method of Logic

Knowledge as Contextual

Knowledge as Hierarchical

Intrinsicism and Subjectivism as the Two Forms of Rejecting objectivity

Chapter 5: Reason

Emotions as a Product of Ideas

Reason as Man's Only Means of Knowledge

The Arbitrary as Neither True Nor False

Certainty as Contextual

Mysticism and Skepticism as Denials of Reason

Chapter 6: Man

Living Organisms as Goal-Directed and Conditional

Reason as Man's Basic Means of Survival

Reason as an Attribute of the Individual

Chapter 7: the Good

"Life" as the Essential Root of "Value"

Man's Life as the Standard of Moral Value

Rationality as the Primary Virtue

The individual as the Proper Beneficiary of His Own Moral Action

Values as objective

Chapter 8:Virtue

Independence as a Primary Orientation to Reality, Not to Other Men

Integrity as Loyalty to Rational Principles

Honesty as the Rejection of Unreality

Justice as Rationality in the Evaluation of Men

Productiveness as the Adjustment of Nature to Man

Pride as Moral Ambitiousness

The Initiation of Physical Force as Evil

Chapter 9: Happiness

Virtue as Practical

Happiness as the Normal Condition of Man

Sex as metaphysical

Chapter 10: Government

Individual Rights as Absolutes

Government as an Agency to Protect Rights

Statism as the Politics of Unreason

Chapter 11: Capitalism

Capitalism as the Only Moral Social System

Capitalism as the System of objectivity

Opposition to Capitalism as Dependent on Bad Epistemology

Chapter 12: Art

Art as a Concretization of metaphysics

Romantic Literature as Illustrating the Role of Philosophy in Art

Esthetic Value as objective

Epilogue: The Duel Between Plato and Aristotle.

Summary: "Electric reasoning"

I read the book three years ago. Now, listening to it has made an even stronger impression on me. Contrary to another review, I found it easier to follow the arguments by listening, even "on the go." Peikoff's arguments are tight and insightful. What is most impressive is how far the book goes in integration of the branches of philosophy and the truths within them. If you have ever read much 20th century philosophy, you may be familiar with the arbitrariness, the groundlessness, of virtually every piece of work done in the field. And you'll also find Peikoff's philosophy here alien from what you've experienced. Yet it is this work that starts with reality and proceeds to solve the problems that the mess of 20th Century philosophy has found intractable.

My only qualms are the narrator's frequent mispronunciations. Most irritating is her mispronuncation of "processes" as "prah-cess-eez." There's no "eez," however many people butcher the word; that pluralization is used for Latin-based words whose singular ends in "is," e.g., "basis," "thesis." The purpose is to eliminate a messy buzz at the end of plurals ("baseses"? Like that?), so the "is" becomes "es" and is pronounced "eez." And oddly, about 40% through the book, she suddenly begins pronouncing it correctly--but not consistently. Another is her mispronunciation of "Aristotelian."

Other than those qualms, I like the narrator.

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