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National Research Council - Protecting Building Occupants and Operations from Biological and Chemical Airborne Threats

The Department of Defense (DOD) has identified acts of terror that employ biological or chemical airborne threat agents as a priority. Protecting buildings from release of biological and chemical airborne threat agents is only one aspect of DOD’s effort to develop an active defensive program. In its simplest expression, protection of building occupants from biological and chemical airborne threats requires the creation and maintenance of a protective system sufficient to deter such an attack and to minimize its impact should an attack occur. The Immune Building Program was developed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency for that purpose. As the Immune Building Program progressed from the research and development stage to the active deployment stage, DOD reassigned management of the program to the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA). Prior to the inheritance of that program, DTRA determined that a multifaceted look at building protection would be helpful in determining the future of building protection efforts within DTRA. The National Academies was asked to convene an expert committee to evaluate the proper terminology to exchange information; the metrics to be used to evaluate test beds and current deployments; the applicability of lessons learned from previous test beds and deployments—both in the military and the public domain; the protocols to be used; and the cost-benefit of different approaches and their relative risks. The ultimate goal of this study is to provide guidance in the complex-wide deployment of building protection to DTRA. Although the requirement is simply stated, its fulfillment is much more challenging. The committee held four meetings in Washington, D.C., and St. Louis, Missouri, from September 18 to December 19, 2006. The committee was briefed by representatives of federal agencies and other entities that have deployed building protection or relevant programs. On-site visits of test beds and current deployments were made at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, and Washington, D.C. The committee also reviewed information available from the open literature, as well as new materials prepared by experts. Early in the study, the committee attempted to provide a detailed implementation plan for the deployment and operation of building protection. As thecommittee delved more deeply into the study, it quickly became apparent that designing and implementing building protection is a complex process that involves many factors. Therefore, the committee’s approach was to develop guiding principles to building protection. Although the charge concerned protection of military facilities, the guiding principles provided in this report are applicable to protection of public facilities as well. For many of the members of the committee, the challenges to provide defense from biological and chemical threats have been a lifetime concern, yet the present study provided an opportunity to examine a little-studied component of that defense. We, co-chairs, wish to express our sincere appreciation to the National Academy project staff, who—behind the scenes—played an equal part with the committee in ensuring the quality of this report. We also want to express our personal appreciation to the individual members of the committee for the dedication and energy with which they tackled this challenging task. The report would not have been possible without the perspectives of these experts, their valuable time commitment, and their patience in integrating our diverse disciplines.

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