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Modern Polyesters: Chemistry and Technology of Polyesters and Copolyesters by John Scheirs and Timothy E. Long (2003)

"…a very informative book." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, March/April 2006)

"…for those involved in research or in manufacturing or polyester processing, this book will be essential.” (E-STREAMS, August 2004)

"...examines the chemistry and technology of polyester and copolyesters and illustrates the diversity and importance of these materials..." (Materials World, Thursday 1 January 2004)

"...successful in presenting and discussing its technical topics...an excellent collection of data...an essential and invaluable resource..." (Materials World, Vol 12(8), August 2004)

“…informative…written clearly in a consistent style…should be a key acquisition for any research chemist seeking to investigate polyesters…” (Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol.19, No.1, January 2005)

Product Description

Provides an overview of the family of polyester polymers which comprise an important group of plastics that span the range of commodity polymers to engineering resins. It describes the preparation, properties and applications of polyesters. Readers will also find details on polyester-based elastomers, biodegradable aliphatic polyester, liquid crystal polyesters and unsaturated polyesters for glass-reinforced composites.

* Presents an overview of the most recent developments.

* Explores synthesis, catalysts, processes, properties and applications.

* Looks at emerging polyester materials as well as existing ones.

* Written by foremost experts from both academia and industry, ensuring that both fundamentals and practical applications are covered.

Contents

Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii

Series Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix

About the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii

I HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

1 The Historical Development of Polyesters . . . . . . . . . . 3

J. Eric McIntyre

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Alkyd and Related Resins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 Fibres from Partially Aromatic Polyesters . . . . . . . . 6

3.1 Early Work Leading to Poly(ethylene

Terephthalate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.2 Spread of Polyester Fibre Production . . . . . . . 10

3.3 Intermediates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.4 Continuous Polymerisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.5 Solid-phase Polymerisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.6 End-use Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.7 High-speed Spinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.8 Ultra-fine Fibres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4 Other Uses for Semi-aromatic Polyesters . . . . . . . . . 16

4.1 Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.2 Moulding Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.3 Bottles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5 Liquid-crystalline Polyesters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6 Polyesters as Components of Elastomers . . . . . . . . . 19

7 Surface-active Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

8 Absorbable Fibres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

9 Polycarbonates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

10 Natural Polyesters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

10.1 Occurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

10.2 Poly(β-hydroxyalkanoate)s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

11 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

II POLYMERIZATION AND POLYCONDENSATION

2 Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)

Polymerization – Mechanism, Catalysis, Kinetics, Mass

Transfer and Reactor Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Thomas Rieckmann and Susanne V¨olker

Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

2 Chemistry, Reaction Mechanisms, Kinetics and

Catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2.1 Esterification/Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

2.2 Transesterification/Glycolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

2.3 Reactions with Co-monomers . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

2.4 Formation of Short Chain Oligomers . . . . . . . 52

2.5 Formation of Diethylene Glycol and Dioxane . . 54

2.6 Thermal Degradation of Diester Groups and

Formation of Acetaldehyde . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

2.7 Yellowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

2.8 Chemical Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

2.9 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3 Phase Equilibria, Molecular Diffusion and Mass

Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3.1 Phase Equilibria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3.2 Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Melt-phase

Polycondensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

3.2.1 Mass-transfer Models . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

3.2.2 Diffusion Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

3.2.3 Specific Surface Area . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

3.3 Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Solid-state

Polycondensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

3.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

4 Polycondensation Processes and Polycondensation

Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

4.1 Batch Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

4.1.1 Esterification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

4.1.2 Polycondensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

4.2 Continuous Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

5 Reactor Design for Continuous Melt-phase

Polycondensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

5.1 Esterification Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

5.2 Polycondensation Reactors for Low Melt

Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

5.3 Polycondensation Reactors for High Melt

Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

6 Future Developments and Scientific Requirements . . . 103

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

3 Synthesis and Polymerization of Cyclic Polyester

Oligomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Daniel J. Brunelle

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

3 Preparation of Polyester Cyclic Oligomers from Acid

Chlorides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

4 Polyester Cyclic Oligomers via Ring–Chain

Equilibration (Depolymerization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

5 Mechanism for Formation of Cyclics via

Depolymerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

6 Polymerization of Oligomeric Ester Cyclics . . . . . . . 134

7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

4 Continuous Solid-state Polycondensation of Polyesters . 143

Brent Culbert and Andreas Christel

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

2 The Chemical Reactions of PET in the Solid State . . . 147

2.1 Basic Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

2.2 Mechanism and Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

2.3 Parameters Affecting SSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

2.3.1 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

2.3.2 Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

2.3.3 Particle Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

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