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Description of the Chemical Agent and Munitions Stockpile For

more than 50 years, the United States has maintained a stockpile of

chemical agents and munitions distributed among eight sites within the

continental United States and at Johnston Atoll in the Pacific Ocean.

Two basic types of chemical agents comprise the stockpile: neurotoxic

(nerve) agents and mustard (blister) agents. Both types are frequently,

and erroneously, referred to as "gases" even though they are liquids at

normal temperature and pressure. . The nerve

agents include the organic phosphorus compounds designated as VX, GB

(Sarin), and GA (Tabun). These chemicals present a significant toxic

hazard because of their action on the nervous systems of humans and

animals through inhibition of the acetyl-cholinesterase enzyme. They

are both considered extremely toxic. VX is more acutely toxic than GB,

but the latter represents a greater potential hazard because of its

higher volatility (about the same as water) and, thus, the greater

likelihood of its being inhaled. Chronic health effects and cancer from

low-level exposures have not been associated with nerve agents or with

chemically (and toxicologically) similar commercially available organic

phosphorus insecticides (Leffingwell, 1993). Only short-term symptoms

have been documented in individuals who survive exposure to nerve

agents. . The mustards (designated H

[nondistilled mustard], HD [distilled mustard], and HT [thickened

mustard]) do not present significant acute lethal hazards. Their

principal effect is severe blistering of the skin and mucous membranes.

They have been implicated as being carcinogenic, however, and may

present a cancer hazard to individuals exposed acutely (Leffingwell,

1993; IOM, 1993). The estimates for induced cancers from accidental

agent exposures only consider mustard agents. . Chemical

agents, after being fully dispersed, do not tend to persist in the

environment because their relatively simple chemical structures tend to

undergo hydrolysis in humid climates. However, in extremely dry desert

climates, they can remain for a considerable period of time (U.S. Army,

1988). . The chemical agents in the U.S.

stockpile are stored in a variety of containment systems, including

bulk (ton) containers, rockets, projectiles, mines, bombs, cartridges,

and spray tanks. Figure 1-1

summarizes the stockpile configuration as of 1996 for the eight

continental U.S. sites by agent, munition, and containment system (OTA,

1992; NRC, 1996a). . Buy It at Lowest Price on Amazon

.

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