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it looks like the Internet is deployed everywhere. Not a day will go by without hearing the word Internet. However, many people do not know that we are very close to reaching the theoretical limit of IPv4. The theoretical limit for the number of IPv4 nodes is only 4 billion—much fewer than the world’s population.

People in trains and cars send email on their cellphones using small numeric keypads. Most of these devices are not connected to the real Internet—these cellphones do not speak the Internet Protocol. They use proprietary protocols to deliver emails to the gateway, and the gateway relays the emails to the Internet. Cellular operators are now trying to make cellphones a real VoIP device (instead of “email only” device) to avoid the costs of operating proprietary phone switches/devices/gateways and to use inexpensive IP routers.

There are a lot of areas where the Internet and the Internet Protocol have to be deployed. For instance, we need to enable every vehicle to be connected to the IP network in order to exchange information about traffic congestion. There are plans to interconnect every consumer device to the Internet, so that vendors can collect information from the machines (such as statistics), as well as provide various value-added services. Also, we need to deploy IP to every country in the world, including highly populated areas such as China, India, and Africa, so that everyone has equal opportunity to access the information on the Internet.

To deploy the Internet Protocol to wider domains, the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is critical. IPv4 cannot accommodate the needs discussed previously, due to the limitation in address space size. With IPv6 we will be able to accomodate 3.4 × 1038 nodes to the Internet—it should be enough for our lifetime (I hope). The IPv6 effort was started in 1992, in the INET92 conference held in Kobe, Japan. Since then, we have been making a huge amount of effort to help the transition happen. Fortunately, it seems that the interest in IPv6 has reached the critical mass, and the transition to IPv6 is now a reality. Many ISPs in Japan are offering commercial IPv6 connectivity services, numerous vendors are shipping IPv6-enabled operating systems, and many IPv6-enabled products are coming. If you are not ready yet, you need to hurry up.

The transition to IPv6 requires an upgrade of router software and host operating systems, as well as application software. This book focuses on how you can modify your network application software, based on the socket API, to support IPv6. When you write a network application program, you will want the program to be IPv6 capable, so that it will work just fine on the IPv6 network, as well as the IPv4 network. After going through this book, you will be able to make your programs IPv6-ready. It will also help you port your IPv4-capable application to become IPv6-capable at the same time.

In this book, we advocate address-family independent socket layer programming for IPv6 transition. By following the instructions in the book, your code will become independent from the address family (such as AF_INET or AF_INET6). This is the best way to support IPv6 in your program, compared with other approaches (such as hardcoding AF_INET6 into the program).

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