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Ilya Prigogine, "Introduction to Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes"

Contents

Preface to the First Edition v

Preface to the Second Edition vii

Preface to the Third Edition ix

CHAPTER I

Conservation of Energy in Closed and Open Systems—

1. Isolated, Closed, and Open Systems 3

2. Extensive and Intensive Properties 3

3. Conservation of Mass in Closed Systems 4

4. Conservation of Mass in Open Systems 6

CHAPTER II

Conservation of Energy in Closed and Open Systems—

The First Principle of Thermodynamics

1. Functions of State 8

2. Conservation of Energy—The First Principle of

Thermodynamics 8

3. Enthalpy 10

4. Open Systems 11

5. Examples 12

CHAPTER III

Entropy Production—The Second Principle of

Thermodynamics

1. Reversible and Irreversible Processes 14

2. Entropy 15

3. Entropy of One-Component Systems—Absolute

Temperature 18

4. Entropy Production Due to Heat Flow 19

5. Entropy of Multicomponent Systems—Chemical

Potentials 21

6. Entropy Production Due to Chemical Reactions—

Affinity—Coupling of Chemical Reactions .... 23

7. Chemical Affinity 25

8. Entropy Production and Entropy Flow in Open

Systems 28

9. Entropy Production Due to Electrochemical

Reactions 29

10. Entropy Production in Continuous Systems .... 32

11. Internal Degrees of Freedom 36

CHAPTER IV

General Statements Concerning Entropy Production and

Rates of Irreversible Processes

1. Transformation Properties of Rates and Affinities—

Equivalent Systems 40

2. Rates and Affinities 44

3. Fluctuation Theory 47

4. Microscopic Reversibility and Onsager's Reciprocity

Relations 51

5. Symmetry Requirements on Coupling of Irreversible

Processes 53

chapter v

The Phenomenological Laws—Interference of Irreversible

Processes

1. Domain of Validity of Phenomenological Laws—

Chemical Reactions Near Equilibrium 55

2. Electrokinetic Effects—Saxen's Relation 61

3. Thermomolecular Pressure Difference and Thermo-

mechanical Effect 65

4. Kinetic Interpretation of Heat of Transfer—Knudsen

Gas 68

5. Diffusion—Einstein's Relation 71

6. Continuous and Discontinuous Formalism 73

CHAPTER VI

The Stationary Non-Equilibrium States

1. Thermodynamic Significance of Stationary Non-

Equilibrium States 75

2. States of Minimum Entropy Production 76

3. Consecutive Chemical Reactions 77

4. More Complicated Systems of Chemical Reactions . 80

5. Time Variation of Entropy Production—Stability of

Stationary States 81

6. Entropy Flow in Stationary States 83

7. Time Variation of the Entropy 85

8. Stationary State Coupling of Irreversible Processes . 87

9. Applications in Biology 91

CHAPTER VII

Non-linear Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes

1. Introduction 93

2. Variation of the Entropy Production .... 95

3. Steady States and Entropy Production .... 99

4. Evolution Criterion and Velocity Potential 106

5. Rotation around Stationary States Ill

6. Local Potentials and Fluctuations 112

CHAPTER VIII

Order and Dissipations

1. Introduction 117

2. Chemical Oscillations 120

3. Dissipative Structures 124

4. Symmetry Breaking Instabilities—The Turing

Mechanism 127

5. General Comments 132

References 135

List of Symbols 141

Index 145

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