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Innovation, Path Dependency, and Policy: The Norwegian Case By Jan Fagerberg, David Mowery, Bart Verspagen

The concept of National Innovation Systems is well established in academic research and enthusiastically adopted by policymakers. Yet there are relatively few in-depth studies of individual national innovation systems.

This book provides just that, a model for the application of the concept to an individual economy. Leading scholars provide a detailed analysis of the particular circumstances of Norway--a high income, high productivity, resource rich economy, with relatively modest investment in R&D, and a remarkable track record of social equity. The authors argue that investment in human capital may be more significant than any formula for R&D investment.

The book includes contributions from historians, economists, and political scientists, and offers an unparalleled account of the development of one of the world's most successful economies. It will be essential reading fro academics and policymakers concerned with innovation and growth.

Contents

List of Contributors ix

List of Figures x

List of Tables xii

List of Abbreviations xiv

1. Introduction: Innovation in Norway 1

Jan Fagerberg, David C. Mowery, and Bart Verspagen

PART I. THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION AND CURRENT

STRUCTURE OF THE NORWEGIAN NATIONAL

INNOVATION SYSTEM

2. The Layers of National Innovation Systems: The Historical

Evolution of a National Innovation System in Norway 33

Olav Wicken

3. Public Sector Research and Industrial Innovation in Norway: A

Historical Perspective 61

Magnus Gulbrandsen and Lars Nerdrum

4. Policies for Path Creation: The Rise and Fall of Norway’s

Research-Driven Strategy for Industrialization 89

Olav Wicken

5. Historical Fingerprints? A Taxonomy of Norwegian Innovation 116

Fulvio Castellacci, Tommy H. Clausen, Svein Olav Nås, and

Bart Verspagen

PART II. SECTORAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS

IN NORWAY—OLD AND NEW PATHS

6. Innovation and Production in the Norwegian Aluminum Industry 149

Svein Erik Moen

7. The Development of the Norwegian Petroleum Innovation System:

A Historical Overview 179

Ole Andreas Engen

viii Contents

8. The Innovation System of Norwegian Aquacultured Salmonids 208

Heidi Wiig Aslesen

9. The Biotechnology Industry in Norway: A Marginal Sector or

Future Core Activity? 235

Terje Grønning

10. Slow Growth and Revolutionary Change: The Norwegian

IT-Industry Enters the Global Age, 1970–2005 264

Knut Sogner

PART III. INNOVATION POLICY AND INSTITUTIONS

IN CONTEMPORARY NORWAY

11. University–Industry Relations in Norway 297

Magnus Gulbrandsen and Lars Nerdrum

12. The Technical-Industrial Research Institutes in the Norwegian

Innovation System 327

Lars Nerdrum and Magnus Gulbrandsen

13. Industrial R&D Policy in Norway:Who Gets the Funding and

What are the Effects? 349

Tommy H. Clausen

Index 373

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