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Technical Image Processing in C (The 2nd Electronic Edition, 2000)

Posted on 2010-04-11




Name:Technical Image Processing in C (The 2nd Electronic Edition, 2000)
ASIN/ISBN:087930443X
Language:English
File size:12.9 Mb
   Technical Image Processing in C (The 2nd Electronic Edition, 2000)

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Image Processing in C (The 2nd Electronic Edition, 2000)

Contents

0 Introduction to CIPS 1

0.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

0.2 System Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

0.3 The Three Methods of Using CIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

0.4 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

0.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

0.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1 Image File Input and Output 7

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.2 Image Data Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.3 Image File I/O Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.4 TIFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.4.1 The IFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.4.2 The TIFF Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.5 BMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.5.1 The BMP Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.6 A Simple Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.7 Converting Between TIFF and BMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

1.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2 Viewing and Printing Image Numbers 23

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.2 Displaying Image Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.3 Printing Image Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.4 Viewing and Printing Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

3 Halftoning 27

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.2 The Halftoning Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.3 Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3.4 Printing an Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.6 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4 Histograms and Equalization 33

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4.2 Histograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4.3 Histogram Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4.4 Equalization Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4.5 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.6 The

4.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

4.8 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

side Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

5 Basic Edge Detection 47

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

5.2 Edge Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

5.3 Implementing Edge Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

5.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

5.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

5.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

6 Advanced Edge Detection 57

6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

6.2 Homogeneity Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

6.3 Di

erence Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

6.4 Di

erence of Gaussians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

6.5 More Di

erences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

6.6 Contrast-based Edge Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

6.7 Edge Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

6.8 Variance and Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

6.9 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

6.10 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

6.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

7 Spatial Frequency Filtering 75

7.1 Spatial Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

7.2 Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

7.3 Application of Spatial Image Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

7.4 Frequency vs. Spatial Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

7.5 Low-Pass Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

7.6 Median Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

7.7 E

ects of Low-Pass Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

7.8 Implementing Low-Pass Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

7.9 High-Pass Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

7.10 E

ects of High-Pass Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

7.11 Implementing High-Pass Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

7.12 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

7.13 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

8 Image Operations 95

8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

8.2 Addition and Subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

8.3 Rotation and Flipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

8.4 Cut and Paste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

8.5 Image Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

8.6 Blank Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

8.7 Inverting Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

8.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

9 Histogram-Based Segmentation 103

9.1 Histogram-Based Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

9.2 Histogram Preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

9.3 Thresholding and Region Growing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

9.4 Histogram-Based Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

9.4.1 Manual Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

9.4.2 Histogram Peak Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

9.4.3 Histogram Valley Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

9.4.4 Adaptive Histogram Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

9.5 An Application Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

9.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

9.7 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

10 Segmentation via Edges & Gray Shades 125

10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

10.2 Segmentation Using Edges & Gray Shades . . . . . . . . . . . 125

10.3 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

10.4 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

10.4.1 Preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

10.4.2 Improved Edge Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

10.4.3 Improved Region Growing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

10.5 The Three New Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

10.5.1 Edges Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

10.5.2 Gray Shades Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

10.5.3 Edges and Gray Shade Combined . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

10.6 Integrating the New Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

10.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

10.8 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

11 Manipulating Shapes 153

11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

11.2 Working with Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

11.3 Erosion and Dilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

11.4 Opening and Closing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

11.5 Special Opening and Closing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

11.6 Outlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

11.7 Thinning and Skeletonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

11.8 A Shape Operations Application Program . . . . . . . . . . . 179

11.9 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

11.10References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

12 Boolean and Overlay Operations 183

12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

12.2 Boolean Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

12.3 Applications of Boolean Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

12.4 Overlay Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

12.5 Applications of Overlay Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

12.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

13 Geometric Operations 197

13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

13.2 Geometric Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

13.3 Rotation About Any Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

13.4 Bi-Linear Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

13.5 An Application Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

13.6 A Stretching Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

13.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

13.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

14 Warping and Morphing 209

14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

14.2 Image Warping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

14.3 The Warping Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

14.4 Two Ways to Warp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

14.5 Shearing Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

14.6 Morphing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

14.7 A Warping Application Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

14.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

14.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

15 Basic Textures Operations 223

15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

15.2 Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

15.3 Edge Detectors as Texture Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

15.4 The Di

erence Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

15.5 The Hurst Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

15.6 The Compare Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

15.7 An Application Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

15.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

15.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

16 Random Dot Stereograms 243

16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

16.2 Stereogram Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

16.3 Stereogram Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

16.4 Source Code and Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

16.5 Color eld Stereograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

16.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

16.7 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

17 Steganography: Hiding Information 265

17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

17.2 Hidden Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

17.3 Watermarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

17.4 Hiding Images in Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

17.5 Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

17.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

17.7 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

18 Command-Line Programming 277

18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

18.2 Batch Programming with .bat Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

18.3 Basics of .bat Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

18.4 Uses and Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

18.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

19 A Tcl/Tk Windows Interface 283

19.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

19.2 The Need for a Windows Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

19.3 Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

19.4 The Tcl/Tk Graphical User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

19.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

19.6 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

A The make le 289

A.1 The Listings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

A.2 Commands to Build The C Image Processing System . . . . . 291

A.3 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

A.4 Code Listings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

B The Stand-Alone Application Programs 301

C Source Code Tables of Contents 307

C.1 Listings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

D Index of Image Processing Algorithms 319

D.1 Algorithms Listed in Order of Appearance . . . . . . . . . . . 319

D.2 Algorithms Listed Alphabetical Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

E Bibliography 327

E.1 Image Processing Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

E.2 Programming Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

F Source Code Listings 331

F.1 Code Listings for Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

F.2 Code Listings for Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

F.3 Code Listings for Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

F.4 Code Listings for Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

F.5 Code Listings for Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

F.6 Code Listings for Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

F.7 Code Listings for Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

F.8 Code Listings for Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

F.9 Code Listings for Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

F.10 Code Listings for Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512

F.11 Code Listings for Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

F.12 Code Listings for Chapter 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

F.13 Code Listings for Chapter 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

F.14 Code Listings for Chapter 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642

F.15 Code Listings for Chapter 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661

F.16 Code Listings for Chapter 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683

F.17 Code Listings for Chapter 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729

F.18 Code Listings for Chapter 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743

F.19 Code Listings for Chapter 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753

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