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Homogenous Catalysis: Understanding the Art by: PW Van Leeuwen P. W. Van Leeuwen

The focus of this book is on concepts, but many key industrial processes and applications that are important in the laboratory synthesis of organic chemicals are used as examples. The full range of topics is covered, such as fine chemicals, bulk chemicals, polymers, high-tech polymers, pharmaceuticals, but also important techniques and reaction types among other aspects. For a few reactions the process schemes, environmental concerns and safety aspects are included, to encourage catalyst researchers to think about these topics at an early stage of their projects and to communicate with chemical engineers, customers and the end-users. Homogeneous Catalysis: Understanding the Art provides a balanced overview of the vibrant and growing field of homogeneous catalysis to chemists trained in different disciplines and to graduate students who take catalysis as a main or secondary subject.

Table of contents

Preface. Acknowledgements.

1: Introduction. 1.1. Catalysis. 1.2. Homogeneous catalysis. 1.3. Historical notes on homogeneous catalysis. 1.4. Characterization of the catalyst. 1.5. Ligand effects. 1.6. Ligands according to donor atoms.

2: Elementary Steps. 2.1. Creation of a "vacant" site and co-ordination of the substrate. 2.2. Insertion versus migration. 2.3. beta-Elimination and de-insertion. 2.4. Oxidative addition. 2.5. Reductive elimination. 2.6. alpha-Elimination reactions. 2.7. Cycloaddition reactions involving a metal. 2.8. Activation of a substrate toward nucleophilic attack. 2.9. sigma-Bond metathesis. 2.10. Dihydrogen activation. 2.11. Activation by Lewis acids. 2.12. Carbon-to-phosphorus bond breaking. 2.13. Carbon-to-sulfur bond breaking. 2.14. Radical reactions.

3: Kinetics. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Two-step reaction scheme. 3.3. Simplifications of the rate equation and the rete-determining step. 3.4. Determining the selectivity. 3.5. Collection of rate data. 3.6. Irregularities in catalysis.

4: Hydrogenation. 4.1. Wilkinson's catalyst. 4.2. Asymmetric hydrogenation. 4.3. Overview of chiral bidentate ligands. 4.4. Monodentate ligands. 4.5. Non-linear effects. 4.6. Hydrogen transfer.

5: Isomerisation. 5.1. Hydrogen shifts. 5.2. Asymmetric isomerisation. 5.3. Oxygen shifts.

6: Carbonylation of Methanol and Methyl Acetate. 6.1. Acetic acid. 6.2. Process scheme Monsanto process. 6.3. Acetic anhydride. 6.4. Other systems.

7: Cobalt Catalysed Hydroformylation. 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Thermodynamics. 7.3. Cobalt catalysed processes. 7.4. Cobalt catalysed processes for higher alkenes. 7.5. Kuhlmann cobalt hydroformylation process. 7.6. Phosphine modified cobalt catalysts: the shell process. 7.7. Cobalt carbonyl phosphine complexes.

8: Rhodium Catalysed Hydroformylation. 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. Triphenylphosphine as the ligand. 8.3. Diphosphines as ligands. 8.4. Phosphites as ligands. 8.5. Diphosphites. 8.6. Asymmetric hydroformylation.

9: Alkene Oligomerisation. 9.1. Introduction. 9.2. Shell-higher-olefins-process. 9.3. Ethene trimerisation. 9.4. Other alkene oligomerisation reactions.

10: Propene Polymerisation. 10.1. Introduction to polymer chemistry. 10.2. Mechanistic investigations. 10.3. Analysis by 13CNMR spectroscopy. 10.4. The development of metallocene catalysts. 10.5. Agostic interactions. 10.6. The effect of dihydrogen. 10.7. Further work using propene and other alkenes. 10.8. Non-metallocene ETM catalysts. 10.9. Late transition metal catalysts.

11: Hydrocyanation of Alkenes. 11.1. The adiponitrile process. 11.2. Ligand effects.

12: Palladium Catalysed Carbonylations of Alkenes. 12.1. Introduction. 12.2. Polyketone. 12.3. Ligand effects on chain length. 12.4. Ethene/propene/CO terpolymers. 12.5. Stereoselective styrene/CO terpolymers.

13: Palladium Catalysed Cross-Coupling Reactions. 13.1. Introduction. 13.2. Allylic reaction. 13.3. Heck reaction. 13.4. Cross-coupling reaction. 13.5. Heteroatom-carbon bond formation. 13.6. Suzuki reaction.

14: Epoxidation. 14.1. Ethene and propene oxide. 14.2. Asymmetric epoxidation. 14.3. Asymmetric hydroxilation of alkenes with osmium tetroxide. 14.4. Jacobsen asymmetric ring-opening of epoxides. 14.5. Epoxidations with dioxygen.

15: Oxydation with Dioxygen. 15.1. Introduction. 15.2. The Wacker reaction. 15.3. Wacker type reactions. 15.4. Terephthalic acid. 15.5. PPO.

16: Alkene Metathesis. 16.1. Introduction. 16.2. The mechanism. 16.3. Reaction overview. 16.4. Well-characterised tungsten and molybdenum catalysts. 16.5. Ruthenium catalysts. 16.6. Stereochemistry. 16.7. Catalyst decomposition. 16.8. Alkynes. 16.9. Industrial applications.

17: Enantioselective Cyclopropanation. 17.1. Introduction. 17.2. Copper catalysts. 17.3. Rhodium catalysts.

18: Hydrosilylation. 18.1. Introduction. 18.2. Platinum catalysts. 18.3. Asymmetric palladium catalysts. 18.4. Rhodium catalysts for asymmetric ketone reduction.

19: C-H Functionalisation. 19.1. Introduction. 19.2. Electron-rich metals. 19.3. Hydrogen transfer reactions of alkanes. 19.4. Borylation of alkanes. 19.5. The Murai reaction. 19.6. Catalytic &sgr;-bond metathesis. 19.7. Electrophilic catalysts.

Subject Index.

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