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Harnessing Variable Renewables: A Guide to the Balancing Challenge

Written for decision makers, Harnessing Variable Renewables: a Guide to the Balancing Challenge sheds light on managing power systems with large shares of variable renewables. It presents a new, step-by-step approach developed by the IEA to assess the flexibility of power systems, which identifies the already present resources that could help meet the twin challenges of variability and uncertainty.

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Power systems must be actively managed to maintain a steady balance between supply and demand. This is already a complex task as demand varies continually.

But what happens when supply becomes more variable and less certain, as with certain renewable sources of electricity like wind and solar PV that fluctuate with the weather? To what extent can the resources that help power systems cope with the challenge of variability in demand also be applied to variability of supply? How large are these resources? And what share of electricity supply from variable renewables can they make possible?

There is no one-size-fits-all answer. The ways electricity is produced, transported and consumed around the world exhibit great diversity. Grids can cross borders, requiring coordinated international policy, or can be distinct within a single country or region. And whether found in dispatchable power plants, storage facilities, interconnections for trade or on the demand side, the flexible resource that ensures the provision of reliable power in the face of uncertainty likewise differs enormously.

Table of contents

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Executive summary

Part 1

1. Introduction

What is in this book?

2. Why is variability a challenge?

Fluctuating supply

Uncertainty

When is the balancing challenge greatest?

3. Greater flexibility is the left response

What is flexibility?

4. Key distinguishing features of power systems

5. The Flexibility Assessment Method

6. Identifying the flexible resource

Dispatchable power plants

Energy storage

Interconnection for trade with adjacent areas

Demand side management and response

Comparing areas using the Flexibility Index.

7. How much of the flexible resource is available?

Dispatchable power plant availability

Energy storage availability

Interconnection availability

Demand side availability

Grid strength and intelligence

Potential market and operational constraints

8. What are the needs for flexibility?

Existing flexibility requirement

Additional requirements of VRE

9. Identifying the Present VRE Penetration Potential

10. What is the cost of balancing variable renewable energy?

Key drivers of balancing costs

Methodology for estimating balancing costs

Estimates of balancing costs

11. Conclusions, recommendations to policy makers and next steps

Conclusions

Recommendations to policy makers

Next steps and further research

Part 2

12. Case study methodology

The balancing timeframe

Flexibility requirement of VRE

Treatment of flexible resources

Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential

Scoring and weighting of area attributes

Case study results

13. Great Britain and Ireland area (British Isles)

Flexibility requirement of VRE

Flexible resources

Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential

Area constraints.

14. Spain and Portugal area (Iberian Peninsula)

Flexibility requirement of VRE

Flexible resources

Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential

Area constraints

15. Mexico.

Flexibility requirement of VRE

Flexible resources

Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential

Area constraints

16. Nordic

Flexibility requirement of VRE

Flexible resources

Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential

Area constraints

17. Denmark

Flexibility requirement of VRE

Flexible resources

Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential

Area constraints

18. Japan

Flexibility requirement of VRE

Flexible resources

Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential

Area constraints

19. US West 2017

Flexibility requirement of VRE

Flexible resources

Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential

Area constraints

20. Canada Maritime: the NBSO area

Flexibility requirement of VRE

Flexible resources

Flexibility Index and Present VRE Penetration Potential

Area constraints

Annexes

A. Other integration costs

B. Additional information on VRE technologies

C. Assumptions relating to dispatchable power plants in case-study areas

D. Defining the power area for analysis with the FAST tool

E. The role of CCS in flexible power generation

F. The role of CHP in flexible power generation

G. Treatment of fundamental area attributes in the case-studies

H. Acronyms

I. References

with TOC BookMarkLinks

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