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Contributors: Walter F. Bischof, Marina Groner, Rudolf Groner

Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

Place of Publication: Hillsdale, NJ Publication Year: 1983

Subjects: Heuristic--Congresses

Table of contents

Contents

Preface xi

1. Approaches to Heuristics: A Historical Review Marina Groner , Rudolf Groner , and Walter F. Bischof 1

First Methods: Analysis and Synthesis 1

The Search for Algorithms 5

Artificial Intelligence 15

2. An Evolutionary Approach to Cognitive Processes and Creativity In Human Being F. Klix 19

Mechanisms of Evolution and the Origin of Learning Processes 19

The Origin of the Mental Performances and Linguistic Forms Between the Beginning and the End of the Transition Period From Animal to Man 22

Some Mental and Cognitive Traits of Archaic Thinking 24

Numbers and Numeric Systems as Expressions of Cognitive Dispositions 27

The Origin of Meta-Levels of Human Thinking and the Discovery of Logical Forms 31

On Conditions of Creative Achievements in Thinking Processes 32

3. An Evolutionary Approach to Hypothesis and Concept Formation Manfred Kochen 37

Introduction 37

Historical Brief 38

Explication 41

Algorithm for Learning 51

A Systemic Asynchronous Process 57

Conclusion 63

4. Inspiration and Thinking in Mathematics B. L. van der Waerden 69

5. Heuristics and the Axiomatic Method Patrick Suppes 79

The Place of the Axiomatic Method 79

Heuristic Versus Nonheuristic Axioms 81

Axiomatic Analysis of Qualitative Derivations 85

Concluding Remark on the Distinction Between Heuristics and Axiomatics 86

6. Heuristics and Cognition in Complex Systems Dietrich Dörner 89

The Characteristics of Complex Problems 89

The Requirements of Goal Discovery 93

Planning Action 102

Final Remarks 107

7. Heuristics, Mental Programs, and Intelligence Adriaan D. de Groot 109

Introduction 109

Back to Otto Selz 114

Intelligence as A Person Attribute 119

8. On Generating Procedures and Structuring Knowledge Bärbel Inhelder 131

9. Guidance of Action by Knowledge G. Cellérier 141

10. Informal Heuristic Principles of Motivation and Emotion In Human Problem Solving O. K. Tikhomirov 153

11. Jokes and the Logic of the Cognitive Unconscious Marvin Minsky 171

Problems of Commonsense Reasoning 173

Censorship 177

Meaning and Metaphor 178

Traumatic Cognitive Experiences 183

Humor and Evolution 185

12. The Heuristic of George Polya and Its Relation to Artificial Intelligence Allen Newell 195

Introduction 195

Polya's Heuristic 197

Six Theses 212

Thesis: The Diversity of Auxiliary Problems is Still Beyond AI 218

Conclusion 238

13. Problems of Representation In Heuristic Problem Solving: Related Issues in the Development of Expert Systems Saul Amarel 245

Introduction 245

Problem Formulations--Solution Languages--The Formation-Derivation Spectrum 247

The Tower of Hanoi Problem Under Changes of Representation 258

Summary and Discussion 332

Concluding Comments 337

Appendix I 342

Appendix II. Rules of Grammar G3 345

14. Toward a Theory of Heuristics Douglas B. Lenat 351

Motivation 351

Overview 352

Case Study: The AM Program; Heuristics Used to Develop New Knowledge 356

A Theory of Heuristics 378

Case Study: The Eurisko Program; Heuristics Used to Develop New Heuristics 391

Heuristics Used to Develop New Representations 399

Conclusions 402

Author Index

Subject Index

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