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Fifty Years of X-Ray Diffraction: P.P. Ewald

X-ray Spectroscopy deals with the emission and absorption of X-rays by and in matter. In particular, Moseley's early work showed that the alre. ady vaguely recognized 'characteristic X-rays' were a direct outcome of atomic structure and could be used to identify an atomic species. At a time when modern atomic theory was in its earliest infancy Niels Bohr's first paper appeared in the same year, 1913, as Moseley's--the spectroscopic data on X-rays, allowing a much simpler interpretation than those on visible light, gave invaluable support and guidance for the development of the principles of the quantum theory of the atom. From this the whole of physics and chemistry profited, and again today, the greatly refined methods of experimentation and discussion bring the research in X-ray spectroscopy very dose to the problems of chemical bond and energy band structure of solids.

Among the later consequences of yon Laue's discovery should be named the diffraction phenomena obtained in crystals by using beams of electrons and neutrons, instead of X-rays. These two applications of very nearly the same experimental procedures and theory as for X-ray diffraction, are rapidly developing along their own lines. Each of the means of obtaining diffraction X-rays, electrons, neutrons, and even atoms--has it own peculiarities in interacting with matter. Therefore different information can be gained by using these methods judiciously; but they all spring from the source Laue opened up.

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