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R. C. Gaur, "Environmental Engineering Laboratory Manual: For First Year Engineering Students"

The environment can be defined as the surroundings in which we live. These surroundings

may be living (biotic) or non living (abiotic). There is a dynamic equilibrium between biotic

and abiotic environment. We are influenced in our day to day activities by the environment.

We in turn affect the environment by our activities, by consuming its natural resources

and producing pollution. Pollution is the mixing of undesirable elements in any of the

natural resources. For example when we mix the human excreta with water and produce

sewage and dispose it in the river we pollute the river. There are many indices of designating

and measuring this pollution like Biochemical Oxygen Demand, etc. Now this pollution

degrades the quality of water. Water, fit for drinking is the second most important

requirement (first is the air) for human beings. It must have some useful ingredients and

must not have the pollutants.

Actually Environmental Engineering is a very broad subject, but its basic knowledge is

compulsory for every engineer. Some of the knowledge can be obtained by doing some

simple experiments to judge the quality of water and wastewater and that is why the

laboratory analysis of Environmental Engineering has been recommended for the first year

students of all branches in Engineering in the esteem Technical University of Rajasthan.

This manual covers the syllabus of Rajasthan Technical University.

This laboratory Manual has been designed to cater the fundamental knowledge of a

part of environmental engineering i.e. water and waste water. To understand the significance

of the experiment some theory has been included before the experiment. Then the comments

give the overall aspect and in the end the student has to critically comment on the results

of the experiment that why this result is there and what is the meaning of it. This is the

most important part of the experiment and the evaluator must evaluate the work in light of

this.

The requirement of the apparatus and the reagents etc. and how to make them in the

laboratory, simplifies the work of the institution.

The students are advised to prepare the solutions by themselves afresh to have the

complete knowledge and good results.

Though there are so many tests for examination of water and wastewater actually Total

dissolved solids, Chlorides, Fluorides and Nitrates are the main chemical examinations

for acceptance or rejection of a water source as source of supply for a community. As

disinfection is a must, so microbiological examination is done after the treatment of water

to be supplied. The microbiological examination is difficult, time taking and beyond the

scope of this primary level of First year B.Tech. students. However the test of residual

chlorine makes it possible indirectly. If there is required amount of residual chlorine then

it is assumed that there are no bacteria. Determination of sulfate is necessary to find whether

the water is fit for construction (concrete) purpose or not.

The dissolved oxygen in sewage directly leads to the determination of BOD of sewage.

The determination of dissolved and settelebale solids gives idea about the design of grit

chamber and the offensiveness of the sewage.

So the manual on Environmental Engineering Laboratory provides a sufficient basic

tool for the examination of water and wastewater for first year students of every branch of

B.Tech /B.E degree and any body engaged in this profession

It has been taken into consideration that the method of measurements is simple as they

are meant for preliminary examination of water and waste water at a primary level.

Rakesh Chandra Gaur

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