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Emulsification and Polymerization of Alkyd Resins by: Gooch, Jan W

This original research, published here for the first time in book format, describes in detail an entirely new process for preparing emulsions and alkyd resin emulsions, leading to many applications, foremost among them the formulation of new paints. This research has also spawned the international field of alkyd and alkyd-hybrid miniemulsions. Pioneering technology is presented for the emulsification of alkyd resins and vegetable oils used in coatings, adhesives, and inks applications. Essential technical information is provided for researchers and manufacturers involved in the emulsification of resins, oils, and pigments. Emulsification and Polymerization in Alkyd Resins is an indispensable reference book for every type of coatings and resins manufacturer or research group.

Table of Contents:

1. Alkyd Resins, Vegetable Oils and Autoxidative Polymerization 1 1.1. Goals of Research and Development in Alkyd Emulsions 1 1.2. Historical Background of Alkyds, Oils and Emulsions 1 1.2.1. Vegetable Oils and Resins 1 1.2.2. Autoxidative Polymerization of Vegetable Oils and Resins 9 1.2.3. Emulsified Oils and Resins 14 1.3. Theoretical Considerations 16 1.3.1. Intrinsic Viscosity 16 1.3.2. Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) 17 1.3.3. Diffusion of Oxygen in an Emulsion 21 1.3.4. Solubility of Air and Oxygen in Aqueous Phase 22 1.3.5. Swelling Ratio 23 1.4. Justification for Research and Development 26 2. Synthesis and Polymerization of Alkyds 31 2.1. Alkyd Synthesis Procedure 31 2.2. Emulsification Procedure 32 2.3. Autoxidation Procedure 34 2.4. Materials 36 2.5. Characterization 37 2.5.1. Emulsion Particle Size 38 2.5.2. Emulsion Characterization 43 2.5.3. Film Characterization 43 2.5.4. Intrinsic Viscosity Measurement 44 2.5.5. Swell Ratio 44 2.5.6. Turbidimetric Measurement of Swelling Ratio 47 2.5.7. Dissolved Oxygen in Aqueous Phase 49 3. Emulsion and Kinetic Studies of Autoxidative Polymerization 51 3.1. Emulsifier Studies 51 3.1.1. Emulsifier Sources and Chemical Structures 51 3.1.2. Emulsifiers and Emulsion Stability 52 3.1.3. Emulsifiers and Freeze-Thaw Stability 52 3.1.4. Emulsifiers and Film Characterization 62 3.2. Phase Ratio and Co-Solvent Study 64 3.2.1. Solvent Alkyd Emulsions 64 3.2.2. Co-Solvent Containing Emulsions 65 3.3. Studies on the Autoxidative Crosslinking of Emulsified Soya Oil 67 3.3.1. Autoxidation Reaction of Emulsified Soya Oil 67 3.3.2. Catalysis of Autoxidation Reaction of Soya Oil 70 3.4. Studies of the Autoxidative Crosslinking of Emulsified Alkyd Particles 73 3.4.1. Autoxidation Reaction of Emulsified Alkyd Resins 73 3.4.2. Non-catalyzed Autoxidation Reaction 75 3.4.3. Benzoyl Peroxide Catalysis in the Alkyd Phase 76 3.4.4. Cobalt Naphthenate Catalysis in Aqueous Phase 77 3.4.5. Autoxidized Emulsion Characterization 85 3.4.6. Post pH-Adjustment of Autoxidized Emulsion 90 3.4.7. pH Adjustment Prior to the Autoxidation 91 3.4.8. Cobalt Naphthenate Catalysis in Alkyd Phase 92 3.4.9. Post-Addition of Emulsifier 92 3.4.10. pH Effect on Reaction Rate 95 3.4.11. Increased Oxygen Concentration and Catalysis 96 3.4.12. Scanning Electron Microscopy 97 3.4.13. Water Clean-Up of Emulsion 99 3.4.14. Comparison to Alkyd-Solvent System 100 3.4.15. Effect of Emulsifier Structure on Reaction Rate 101 3.5. Kinetic Study 103 3.5.1. Oxygen Concentration Relationship 103 3.5.2. Correlation of Swell Ratio and Percent Transmittance 104 3.5.3. Catalysis Effect 117 3.5.4. Temperature Effect 120 3.5.5. Agitation Rate Effect 122 3.5.6. Molecular Weight Effect 124 3.6. Studies on Emulsion Particle Size 125 3.6.1. Particle Size with Reaction Time 125 3.6.2. Average Particle Size with Homogenization 129 3.6.3. Particle Size after One Year of Shelf Life 129 3.7. Alkyd Oil Length and Conjugation Study 131 3.7.1. Alkyd Oil Length Study 132 3.7.2. Alkyd Conjugation Study 136 4. Experimental Results, Research and Commercialization of Technology 139 4.1. Autoxidative Crosslinking of Vegetable Oil 139 4.2. Autoxidative Crosslinking of Vegetable Oil Alkyds 140 4.3. Emulsification 141 4.4. Continuing Research and Developments 141 4.5. Commercialization of Alkyd Emulsions 144 Appendix Figures 145 Appendix Tables 179 References 215 Index 219

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