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Elements of Nuclear Physics

Preface

This book presents certain elements of nuclear physics at a level suitable for undergraduate physics students or for nuclear engineers. The material is also useful to scientists in other fields who wish to have more than a descriptive understanding of nuclear physics. The book grew out of a one-quarter course in nuclear physics for students who had as their physics preparation only a one-year college course, as well as a survey course in atomic physics, but whose mathematical preparation included calculus and ordinary differential equations. The basic approach of the book is to present a limited amount of experimental information and to give the reader a feeling for its physical implications with the aid of quantum-mechanical concepts. Wherever possible, a preliminary discussion on the basis of classical theories is given. Sufficient quantum mechanics is introduced to permit correct order-of-magnitude estimates of nuclear quantities.

Beginning students of nuclear physics are often overwhelmed and discouraged by the wealth and diversity of the experimental and theoretical material. These tendencies have been avoided, first, by presenting only the important concepts in detail, and second, by giving as unified an approach as possible, based on the nuclear shell model. Also, comparisons are made between atomic and nuclear phenomena whenever they are helpful. The book begins with a brief description of nuclear concepts. The next topic, nuclear structure, forms the heart of the subject. Those elements of quantum mechanics are given that are needed for an understanding of nuclear physics. Although radioactive decay and nuclear reactions reveal new aspects, they are treated, so far as possible, as extensions of the concepts of nuclear structure in order to emphasize the unity of the subject. The interactions of nuclear radiations with matter are briefly reviewed, because they are basic to the detection methods of nuclear radiations.

The material in the book is suitable for a one-semester course, and also for a one-quarter course if either the appendix on the two-nucleon system, the introduction of quantum mechanics, or the interaction of nuclear radiations with matter are omitted. The background given here should make it possible for the interested reader to pursue the study of nuclear accelerators, the applications of fission or fusion, and elementary-particle physics in more complete treatments. At the end of every chapter there are problems at various levels of difficulty that have been chosen to illustrate and elaborate the text. All the tabular or graphical material needed for their solution is included in the book.

The book has profited from several preliminary reviews, in particular by Professor W. E. Burcham, F.R.S., and from criticism by students. l owe the greatest indebtedness and gratitude to Marion Middleton for her skillful and accurate preparation of the manuscript and prior preliminary editions, and to my wife for her unbounded patience.

WALTER E. MEYERHOF

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