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Biwa. Japanese Traditional Music (1990)

- 192 Kbps -

1. Tsuruta Kinshi - Haru no Utage yori 7:34

2. Uehara Mari-arr - Chikuzen Shokyoku 8:04

3. Yoshimizu Kin'o I - Kawanakajima 15:33

4. Tsuruta Kinshi - Atsumori for satsuma-biwa 18:49

5. Uehara Mari - Gion Shoja 5:33

6. Uehara Mari - Gion Shoja for heike-biwa 7:44

Бива - это японская разновидность лютни или мандолины, пришедшая в Японию из Китая в 7 веке,

в Китае аналогичный инструмент называется пипа (pipa), в Китай же он попал из Персии в 4-м

веке нашей эры. Вплоть до 20-го столетия на биве играли исключительно слепые музыканты, их

называли бивахоши. Некоторые из них были буддистскими монахами и читали сутры и гимны, но

всё-таки большая часть певцов повествовала о войнах и битвах легендарных героев. Самый

знаменитый героический эпос из репертуара бивахоши - «Хайке Моногатари» (Heike Monogatari).

На диске два инструментальных и четыре вокально-инструментальных трека. Наиболее впечатляющий

- эпическая песня «Каванакаджима» («Остров между двумя реками») в исполнении Эномото Шизуи

(Enomoto Shisui). Эномото Шизуи умер в 1978 году, а родился ещё в 19 веке. Он относился к

знаменитым мастерам бивы эпохи до второй мировой войны. В 19 веке и в первой половине 20-го

искусство бивы переживало возрождение, в одном Токио действовало 30 мастеров, изготавливающих

музыкальные инструменты, после войны во всей Японии - и во всём мире - остался всего лишь

один.

Japanese biwa are fretted and plucked lutes that were introduced from the Asian continent

around the 17th century. These instruments were derived, it is presumed from Western Asia,

where its related instruments such as the Arabic, Uod, the European lute, and guitar are also

said to orginate from. Japan owes its direct introduction to China and Korea where there are

similar instruments called pyiba, p'i-p'a, etc. It is interesting to note that the

construction and usage of each instrument reflects some aspects of cultural values and

musical ideas among each ethnic group. For instance, in China, as many as 17 frets make it

possible for a p'i-p'a player to show his or her virtuosic fingering in fast passages, while

in Japan, in contrast, the traditional Satsuma Biwa muscians are often found engaging in

subtle modification of a tone before it dies away by use of the left hand fingering

techniques applied in the proximity of frets or bridges as few as 4 or 5.

Even within Japan, there are variants of biwa, supporting as many genres of music. And the

genres have been preserved almost in coexistence, though with different periods of origin and

with differing popularity among different classes of people through time. The oldest styles

are perhaps gaku biwa and moso-biwa (blind priests' biwa): the former as in gagaku (ensemble

functioning mainly in the palace), introduced in the 7th century; the latter, also called

kojin-biwa (for the god of the kitchen), religious chant, originating in Kyoto in the 8th

century. Although unreligious in nature, kokkei biwa (comical) and higo biwa (narrative from

Kumamoto) show strong influences from moso-biwa. The well-known Heikei biwa, or heikyoku,

from the 12th centruy in Kyoto is also narrative, based on the Heike Monogatari (an epic

depicting the decline of the Taira clan).

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