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Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives

The first general introduction to Mesopotamia that covers all four of the area's major ancient civilizations-Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia. The eyes of the world are on Iraq and the surrounding region, witnessing conflict, chaos, and the effects of brutal dictatorship. But in ancient times, the civilizations that flourished there gave birth to some of humanity's most cherished achievements, including the written word, the city, the legal system, public education, and more. Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives ranges from the region's cultural beginnings to its Persian "liberation," from simple farmers to mighty kings, from the marshy Gulf shores ard Arabian desert sands to the foothills of the Taurus and Zagros mountains. It is the first volume to capture the entire sweep of Mesopotamia's four major ancient cultures (Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, Babylonian) in one concise and captivating volume. Ancient Mesopotamia reveals how archaeologists, geologists, geographers, and other scientists have pieced together an understanding of some of the most complex and accomplished civilizations in history: their economies, social orders, political systems, religions, intellectual accomplishments, and material culture. It offers a wealth of information and insights into the glorious past of a land in turmoil today.

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Contents

Series Editor’s Preface, xi

Maps, xiii

PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 Introduction, 3

Mesopotamia in the Near East, 3

The Cradle of Civilization, 3

Revealing Mesopotamia’s Past, 4

PART 2: MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION

Chapter 2 The Location of Mesopotamian Civilization and

Its Environmental Setting, 7

Introduction, 7

The Changing Seacoast, 7

The Environmental Setting, 8

The Changing Landscape, 15

Chapter 3 Historical and Chronological Setting, 19

History of the Investigation of Mesopotamia’s Past, 19

Studying Ancient Mesopotamia’s Past, 43

Chapter 4 Origins, Growth, and Decline of Mesopotamian Civilization, 53

Early Mesopotamia (ca. 7000–2900 B.C.E.), 53

The Rise of Kings (ca. 2900–2334 B.C.E.), 70

The First Empires (ca. 2334–2000 B.C.E.), 76

The Rise of Babylon (ca. 2000–1600 B.C.E.), 84

Shifting Power Blocs (ca. 1600–1150 B.C.E.), 89

Assyria Resurgent (ca. 1150–780 B.C.E.), 95

Assyria’s Heyday (780–605 B.C.E.), 100

Babylonia Triumphant (605–539 B.C.E.), 108

Chapter 5 Economics, 117

Introduction, 117

Patterns of Subsistence, 118

The Management and Regulation of Production, 129

Trade, 133

Chapter 6 Social Organization and Social Structure, 147

Settlement Patterns, 147

The People of Mesopotamian Society, 156

Society and the Law, 157

Mesopotamian Life, 158

Chapter 7 Politics, 173

Political Organization, 173

Warfare, 185

Chapter 8 Religion and Ideology, 199

Religion and Society, 199

Gods and People, 207

Festivals, 220

Death and the Afterlife, 224

Chapter 9 Material Culture, 233

Artists and Artisans, 233

Construction, 235

Art and Artifacts, 240

Chapter 10 Intellectual Accomplishments, 265

Numbers, Time, and Space, 265

Science, 273

Languages and Scripts, 276

Literature, 288

Chapter 11 Mesopotamian Civilization Today, 305

Fieldwork, 305

Continuing Controversies, 308

The Destruction of Our Common Heritage — Will Mesopotamia Survive?, 312

Glossary, 319

Chronology, 349

Bibliography, 363

History of Discovery, 363

History, Historiography, and Archaeology, 363

Mesopotamia in West Asia, 364

Economy, Trade, and Foreign Relations, 365

Industry, Technology, and Science, 365

Daily Life, 365

Settlement and Settlements, 366

Religion, 367

Art and Architecture, 367

Language, Writing, and Seals, 367

Literature, 368

The Threat to Mesopotamia’s Past, 368

Useful Web Pages, 369

Journals, 369

Index, 371

About the Author, 395

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