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Literature 北京历代城坊·宫殿·苑囿
Posted on 2011-03-04
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北京是中国七大古都（西安、洛阳、开封、杭州、南京、北京、安阳） 之一，也是世界闻名的至今仍保存比较完整的古老都市。北京作为全中国的 统一政治中心虽然只有 ７００ 余年的历史，但是作为一个古老城市，以及区域 性的方国都邑来说，则至少有 ３０００ 余年的历史了。北京在古代称蓟城，先秦 时期曾是燕国都城；秦为广阳郡治所；西汉先后为燕国、幽州燕郡、广阳国、 广阳郡治所；王莽时改广阳国为广有郡、蓟县为伐戎，蓟城仍为治所。东汉 建武十三年（３７ 年）省广阳国并于上谷郡，和帝永元八年（９６ 年）复置广阳 郡，蓟城又恢复为广阳郡治所。自曹魏以下，蓟城或为幽州燕郡治所，或为 燕国治所。十六国时期，前燕鲜卑慕容儁还曾一度在此建都 ６ 年（３５２—３５７ 年）。隋大业三年（６０７ 年）废幽州为涿郡，唐武德元年（６１８ 年）复改为幽 州，治所均仍在蓟城。唐代，蓟城又称幽州城。唐玄宗天宝元年（７４２ 年） 废幽州为范阳郡，唐肃宗乾元元年（７５８ 年）复改范阳郡为幽州，蓟城仍先 后为郡、州治所。辽会同元年（９３８ 年）升幽州为南京，建为陪都，又称燕 京，蓟城则称南京城或燕京城。金朝灭辽以后，海陵王天德三年（１１５１ 年） 在辽南京城的基础上，扩展其东、西、南三面，次年竣工。贞元元年（１１５３ 年），改燕京为中都，迁都于中都城。元朝灭金以后，元世祖至元三年 （１２６６ 年） 十二月决定以金中都城东北的原辽、 金离宫为中心， 修筑新城， 次年 （１２６７ 年）正月兴工。至元九年（１２７２ 年）命名为大都，定为京师。至元二十二年 （１２８５ 年），大都城基本竣工，历时 １８ 年。明初改元大都为北平。明成祖 永乐元年（１４０３ 年）正月改北平名北京，为陪都。永乐十八年（１４２０ 年）以 北京为京师，宣布迁都。永乐十九年（１４２１ 年）正式从南京迁都北京。明朝 占据元大都之初，即洪武元年（１３６８ 年），将北城垣南缩五里至今北京德胜 门、安定门一线。明成祖决定迁都北京后，永乐十七年（１４１９ 年）又将南城 垣向南拓展二里至今宣武门、正阳门、崇文门一线。世宗嘉靖三十二年 （１５５３ 年），边警日急，于是增筑北京南部外城，全城形势遂成“凸”字形。清代 相沿不改。
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