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OPLL: Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (2nd edition) [Repost]
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Essential Mathematics for Games and Interactive Applications, Second Edition - A Programmer's Guide
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Supply Chain Games: Operations Management and Risk Valuation [Repost]
Comics Comic Relief - A Comprehensive Philosophy of Humor
0-Day Comics Week of 07-25-2012 (Not complete)
Modeling Low Polygon Game Characters in 3ds Max
Megapack: DigitalTutors - Unity Mobile Game Development Series
Entertainment The Fortunate Isles: Life and Travel in Majorca, Minorca and Iviza
Digital-Tutors - Modeling Low Polygon Game Characters in 3ds Max
Digital-Tutors - Texturing Low Polygon Game Characters in Photoshop
World War Hulk (Complete Comics)
Microsoft XNA Game Studio 2.0 Learn Programming Now!
Playing the Lying Game - Detecting and Dealing with Lies and Liars, from Occasional Fibbers to Frequent Fabricators
Level Design - Preproduction Blueprint: How to Plan Your Level Designs and Game Environments Workshop
The Game Audio Tutorial - A Practical Guide to Sound and Music for Interactive Games
Entertainment A Plague of Hearts by Patrick Whittaker
Innovators' Marketplace - Using Games to Activate and Train Innovators
Visual FX for Games (Repost)
George R.R. Martin - A Game Of Thrones Comics (1-9)
Essential Mathematics for Games and Interactive Applications, Second Edition - A Programmer's Guide
Entertainment Travel to Mexico City by Stig Albeck
Supply Chain Games: Operations Management and Risk Valuation [Repost]
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Entertainment 免疫与健康
Posted on 2010-10-31
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医学模式是人们观察和解决健康和疾病问题的观念。随着工业、农业的发展，科学技术水平的提高，人类对健康和疾病的思考，医学模式在历史上有着几次重要的演变。古代生产力发展水平低，科学知识贫乏，统治者说疾病是鬼神作怪、神灵惩罚。要祛病强身，只有依靠祈祷和巫术，这是神灵主义的医学模式。以后随着社会生产的发展，人类逐渐认识自然现象，使用一些具有一定治疗作用的植物做某些医学处理，这是经验主义的医学模式。16～17世纪，欧洲文艺复兴运动带来了工业革命，推动了科学进步，也影响了医学观。当时把人比作机器，疾病是机器某部分机械失灵，用机械观来解释一切人体现象，忽视了人的生物性、社会性以及复杂的内部矛盾，医生的任务就是修补机器，头痛医头，脚痛医脚，这是以治疗为主的机械医学模式。经过18世纪到19世纪，工业革命转向高潮，自然科学和医学高度发展，生物学家、医学家提出了进化论、细胞学说，发现了微生物等致病因子，这些科学事实使人们对健康与疾病有较为正确的理解，对传染病的认识及病原微生物的发现，从生物学角度明确了疾病原因，形成了生物医学模式。在此基础上，利用了预防接种以预防传染病，并创建了免疫学，陆续研制了各种疫苗。几十年来，使传染病发病率明显下降，从有病治病进而为未病防病的时期。
进入20世纪，人们认识到疾病的发生除病原体这一外因外，还与人体内、外环境之间的生态平衡受到破坏有关，进一步提出了生态医学模式。生态医学初级阶段侧重外环境，即自然环境和社会环境对人体的作用，而高级阶段则注意到了人体内环境的作用，即人要健康长寿，必须内外环境统一，并且要保持体内正常微生物间的微生态平衡，从未病防病进而为无病保健。在这一理论基础上，国内外发展了多种多样的微生态制剂，以恢复和保持体内微生态平衡，达到保健的目的。 时代在不断发展，认识在不断提高，健康与否或疾病是否发生还包括社会、行为和心理等因素。因此，20世纪70年代以来创立了生物心理社会医学模式，现代人们几乎已不再恐惧传染病，但心血管病、脑血管病和恶性肿瘤等依旧威胁着人类的健康，而这些病与心理紧张、环境污染、社会文化、个人行为等密切相关。人不仅是生物，而且有社会性，社会因素能决定人的健康长寿，或疾病的发生发展和转归。因此，从整体来看，生物心理社会医学模式更能全面客观地观察和解决现代的健康和疾病问题。21世纪即将来临，人们将有更高的期盼。
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