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Lectures on Numerical Methods in Bifurcation Problems
Methods for Finding Zeros in Polynomials
Lectures on Stochastic Flows and Applications
Educational Psychology by Edward L. Thorndike
The Last Days of Tolstoy by V. G. Chertkov
Globalization and Responsibility
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Lectures on Topics In One-Parameter Bifurcation Problems
History of the Incas by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
Linear Algebra: Theorems and Applications
Lectures on Stochastic Differential Equations and Malliavin Calculus
A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature
Lectures on Sieve Methods and Prime Number Theory
Dollars and Sense by William Crosbie Hunter
The Theory of the Theatre by Clayton Hamilton
The Mathematics of Investment
Occupiers of Wall Street: Losers or Game Changers
The Solution of the Pyramid Problem
Lectures on Moduli of Curves
Walden by Henry David Thoreau
Methods for Finding Zeros in Polynomials
Lectures on Stochastic Flows and Applications
Educational Psychology by Edward L. Thorndike
The Last Days of Tolstoy by V. G. Chertkov
Globalization and Responsibility
Lectures on Siegel Modular Forms and Representation by Quadratic Forms
Lectures on Topics In One-Parameter Bifurcation Problems
History of the Incas by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
Linear Algebra: Theorems and Applications
Lectures on Stochastic Differential Equations and Malliavin Calculus
A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature
Lectures on Sieve Methods and Prime Number Theory
Dollars and Sense by William Crosbie Hunter
The Theory of the Theatre by Clayton Hamilton
The Mathematics of Investment
Occupiers of Wall Street: Losers or Game Changers
The Solution of the Pyramid Problem
Lectures on Moduli of Curves
Walden by Henry David Thoreau
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零售商走向世界
Posted on 2010-04-28
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某些公司由于有了自我强化效益的“良性循环”,得以重新对零售业进行界定并加以控制。即便如此,零售商仍有足够的时间来确定自己在国外的地位,同时捍卫自己的国内市场。多年以来,许多行业的大公司都在国外发展,而零售商却总是留守国内。作为例外的主要是欧洲公司,它们在自己那相对狭小的国内市场中已经用尽了可资发展的机会。迄至1996年,全世界最大的五家零售商的外贸额只占其总营业额的12%,这一比率远远低于其他各行业,如娱乐业(占34%)、航空航天业(占35%)、银行业(占48%)、炼油业(占66%)等。确实,从1990~1995年,其他行业的国外交易的份额都在猛增,而零售业的结构却没有多少变化。但是,如今零售业也效法其他行业,搞起了全球化,主要是因为消费领域的扩大、技术的进步、市场的自由化,以及零售商本身的发展需要。这一过程的主要发起者,如家乐福(Carrefour)、沃尔—马特(Wal Mart)和阿霍尔德(Ahold)公司,都努力为广大零售商(不管他们是否想向外扩展)创建了新的规则。例如,当沃尔马特公司在6个月之内收购了两家德国零售连锁店之后它就成为德国第四家最大的超市,并且重组了德国的市场。随着全球零售业势头的增强和竞争环境的重新塑造,业绩显著的全球性大公司准备建立一种可以自我强化的“良性循环”,使它们能够重新界定零售业的经济效益,而最终建立世界范围的零售业战略。
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