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Encyclopedias The Subtle Body: An Encyclopedia of Your Energetic Anatomy
Nonfiction Advanced Fluid Dynamics by Hyoung Woo Oh
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Nonfiction Advanced Fluid Dynamics by Hyoung Woo Oh
Nonfiction Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius
Nonfiction Overview of Bohmian Mechanics
Nonfiction Digital Systems Design by Ramaswamy Palaniappan
Nonfiction Modern Geography by Marion I. Newbigin
Encyclopedias Encyclopedia of Microfluidics and Nanofluidics [Repost]
Encyclopedias Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science [Repost]
Encyclopedias The Encyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and Welfare
Encyclopedias Space - A Visual Encyclopedia
Abnormal Psychology - An Integrative Approach, 6th Edition
Advanced Social Psychology - The State of the Science
Nonfiction Lectures on Stochastic Control and Nonlinear Filtering
Nonfiction Physics by Cope, Smith, Tower, Turton
Encyclopedias Encyclopedia of Knowledge Management, Second Edition
Encyclopedias Encyclopedia of India (4 Volume Set) [Repost]
Encyclopedias The MMA Encyclopedia (repost)
Nonfiction An Introduction to Nonlinearity in Control Systems
Encyclopedias Skew Fields - Theory of General Division Rings (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications) by P. M. Cohn
Encyclopedias Books and Beyond - The Greenwood Encyclopedia of New American Reading
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Nonfiction 墨子与墨家
Posted on 2010-04-28
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墨子(约前480~前420)中国古代思想家、墨家创始人。名翟。春秋末战国初鲁国人。墨子出身低贱,一生中除著书立说和教授门徒外,还参加过一些政治活动。他曾仕于宋,为大夫,又到过卫、齐、楚、越诸国。楚惠王时,公输般作攻战之具,打算为楚攻宋。墨子闻讯,行走十昼夜,到楚加以阻止。楚惠王晚年,墨子曾向惠王上书。他和楚贵族鲁阳文君相友善。目前所知墨子事迹仅此。墨子有著作传世。《汉书·艺文志》著录《墨子》有七十一篇,后亡佚十八篇,故今本《墨子》仅五十三篇。其中较能代表墨子学说和思想者有《尚贤》、《尚同》、《兼爱》、《非攻》、《节用》、《节葬》、《天志》、《明鬼》、《非乐》、《非命》等。其余大都为墨家后学所作。其中《经》、《经说》和《大取》、《小取》,均属名辩之作,以讨论人的认识论和逻辑学等问题为主,可能成书于战国晚期,故为集名辩大成之作,是今天研究战国名辩之学的重要材料(见《墨经》)。《备城门》、《杂守》等十一篇,主要讲城守之术,应为兵家小说诗歌文学作品,也是墨家善守御的一种见证。还有如《亲士》、《修身》、《所染》,前人多疑非墨家所作。《淮南子》说,墨家曾“学儒者之业,受孔子之术”。墨家和儒家都以《诗》、《书》为经典,但儒家尊周,墨家尊夏,两家不但在学术渊源上不尽相同,而且长期以来一直互不相容。儒家辟墨,墨家非儒。墨自儒出的说法是靠不住的。据《墨子》可知,墨子的学说思想主要包括以下几点:①兼爱非攻。所谓兼爱是要求君臣、父子、兄弟都要兼相爱,“爱人若爱其身”,并认为社会上出现强执弱、富侮贫、贵傲贱的现象,是因天下人不相爱所致。②天志明鬼。宣扬天命鬼神的迷信思想是墨家的一大特点。墨子认为天是有意志的,它不仅决定自然界星辰、四时、寒暑等的运动变化,还对人世的政治起支配作用。因“天之爱民之厚”,君主若违天意就要受天之罚,反之,则会得天之赏。对于鬼神,墨子不仅坚信其有,而且认为它们对于人间君主或贵族也会赏善罚暴。③尚同尚贤。尚同是要求百姓上同于天子。墨子认为,国君是国中贤者,百姓应以君上之是非为是非。他还认为上面了解下情也很重要,因为只有这样才能赏善罚暴。尚贤是要求君上能尚贤使能,即任用贤者而废抑不肖者。墨子把尚贤看得很重,以为是政事之本。他特别反对君主用骨肉之亲,对于贤者则不拘出身,提出“官无常贵,民无终贱”的主张。④节用。节用是墨家非常强调的一种观点,他们抨击君主、贵族的奢侈浪费,尤其反对儒家看重的久丧厚葬之俗。认为君主、贵族都应象古代大禹一样,过著极为俭朴的生活,而且要求墨徒在这方面也能身体力行。
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