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Literature 生命不能承受之轻
Posted on 2010-04-28
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最沉重的负担压迫着我们,让我们屈服于它,把我们压到地上。但在历代的爱情诗中,女人总渴望承受一个男性身体的重量。于是,最沉重的负担同时也成了最强盛的生命力的影像。负担越重,我们的生命越贴近大地,它就越真切实在。 相反,当负担完全缺失,人就会变得比空气还轻,就会飘起来,就会远离大地和地上的生命,人也就只是一个半真的存在,其运动也会变得自由而没有意义。 那么,到底选择什么?是重还是轻?
米兰·昆德拉,捷克小说家,生于捷克布尔诺市。父亲为钢琴家、音乐艺术学院的教授。生长于一个小国在他看来实在是一种优势,因为身处小国,“要么做一个可怜的、眼光狭窄的人”,要么成为一个广闻博识的“世界性的人”。童年时代,他便学过作曲,受过良好的音乐熏陶和教育。少年时代,开始广泛阅读世界文艺名著。青年时代,写过诗和剧本,画过画,搞过音乐并从事过电影教学。总之,用他自己的话说, “我曾在艺术领域里四处摸索,试图找到我的方向。”50年代初,他作为诗人登上文坛,出版过《人,一座广阔的花园》(1953)、《独白》(1957)以及《最后一个五月》等诗集。但诗歌创作显然不是他的长远追求。最后,当他在30岁左右写出第一个短篇小说后,他确信找到了自己的方向,从此走上了小说创作之路。 1967年,他的第一部长篇小说《玩笑》在捷克出版,获得巨大成功,连出三版,印数惊人,每次都在几天内售馨。作者在捷克当代文坛上的重要地位从此确定。但好景不长。1968年,苏联入侵捷克后,《玩笑》被列为禁书。昆德拉失去了在电影学院的职务。他的文学创作难以进行。在此情形下,他携妻子于1975年离开捷克,来到法国。 移居法国后,他很快便成为法国读者最喜爱的外国作家之一。他的绝大多数作品,如《笑忘录》(1978)、《不能承受的存在之轻》(1984)、《不朽》(1990)等等都是首先在法国走红,然后才引起世界文坛的瞩目。他曾多次获得国际文学奖,并多次被提名为诺贝尔文学奖的候选人。 除小说外,昆德拉还出版过三本论述小说艺术的文集,其中《小说的艺术》(1936)以及《被叛卖的遗嘱》(1993)在世界各地流传甚广。 昆德拉善于以反讽手法,用幽默的语调描绘人类境况。他的作品表面轻松,实质沉重;表面随意,实质精致;表面通俗,实质深邃而又机智,充满了人生智慧。正因如此,在世界许多国家,一次又一次地掀起了“昆德拉热”。 昆德拉原先一直用捷克语进行创作。但近年来,他开始尝试用法语写作,已出版了《缓慢》(1995)和《身份》(1997)两部小说。
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