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Lectures on Numerical Methods in Bifurcation Problems
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Educational Psychology by Edward L. Thorndike
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Globalization and Responsibility
Lectures on Siegel Modular Forms and Representation by Quadratic Forms
Lectures on Topics In One-Parameter Bifurcation Problems
History of the Incas by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
Linear Algebra: Theorems and Applications
Lectures on Stochastic Differential Equations and Malliavin Calculus
A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature
Lectures on Sieve Methods and Prime Number Theory
Dollars and Sense by William Crosbie Hunter
The Theory of the Theatre by Clayton Hamilton
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Occupiers of Wall Street: Losers or Game Changers
The Solution of the Pyramid Problem
Lectures on Moduli of Curves
Walden by Henry David Thoreau
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大国崛起·葡萄牙西班牙
Posted on 2010-04-27
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绝大多数历史学家认为:公元1500年前后是人类历史的一个重要分水岭,从那个时候开始,人类的历史才称得上是真正意义上的世界史。在此之前,人类生活在相互隔绝而又各自独立的几块陆地上,没有哪一块大陆上的人能确切地知道,地球究竟是方的还是圆的,而几乎每一块陆地上的人都认为自己生活在世界的中心。
公元1500年前后,中国正处在明朝统治之下。郑和的船队七下西洋,但不是为了开拓贸易,而是为了宣扬皇帝的德威。郑和死后,中国人的身影就在海洋上消失了。 阿拉伯和印度的商人与欧、亚、非大陆继续着商业往来,但他们的活动范围基本上局限在印度洋沿岸。 这是当时欧洲人笔下的世界,已知的三块大陆——欧洲、亚洲和非洲,分别由三个信奉基督教的国王统治,其他地方都是混沌未开。 但就在公元1400年以后的两百年间,欧洲绘图人笔下的几大块陆地宛如正在成长的胚胎,逐渐由模糊的团状,演变成我们今天所熟悉的清晰可见的模样。 正是从那个时候起,割裂的世界开始连接在一起,经由地理大发现而引发的国家竞争,拉开了不同的文明间相互联系、相互注视,同时也相互对抗和争斗的历史大幕。 不可思议的是,开启人类这一历史大幕的,并不是当时欧洲的经济和文化中心,而是偏居在欧洲大陆西南角上两个面积不大的国家——葡萄牙和西班牙。五百年前,他们相继成为称雄全球的霸主,势力范围遍及欧洲、亚洲、非洲和美洲。 那么,究竟是什么力量推动小小的伊比利亚半岛征服海洋、进而主宰世界长达一个多世纪呢?
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