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Phase-Separated Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (Advances in Polymer Science Volume 208)

Keywords Interpenetrating polymer networks · Phase separation · Interfacial region · Segregation · Heterogeneous structure

1 TheNatureofIPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.3 Formation and Structure ofAmorphous PolymerNetworks . . . . . . . . . 10

2 Thermodynamics and Phase Separation in IPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.1 Thermodynamics of IPNMixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.1.1 PhaseDiagrams of Reacting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.2 Miscibility and Immiscibility of IPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.3 Mechanisms of Phase Separationin IPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.3.1 Nucleation andGrowth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.3.2 SpinodalDecomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

2.3.3 Binder–Frisch Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

2.3.4 Interfacial Region in IPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

2.3.5 Composition and Ratio of Phases Evolved During Phase Separation . . . . 51

2.4 NonequilibriumStates of IPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

3 Heterogeneous Structure and Morphology of IPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

3.1 Cross-linkingDensity in IPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

3.2 Free Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

3.3 Parameters ofHeterogeneous Structure of IPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

3.4 ExperimentalData onHeterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

3.4.1 Sequential IPNs Based on Polyurethane

and Styrene–Divinylbenzene Copolymer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

3.4.2 Simultaneous IPNs Based on Polyurethane and Poly(urethane acrylate) . . 77

3.4.3 Sequential IPNsObtainedUsing Anionic Polymerization . . . . . . . . . . 80

3.4.4 Microphase Structure of IPNs Based on PUand Ionomeric PU . . . . . . . 84

3.4.5 Reaction Conditions andMicrophase Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

3.5 Characterization of IPN Structure via Small-Angle Neutron Scattering . . . 91

3.6 Features of IPNMorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

4 Relaxation Transitions and Viscoelasticity of IPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

4.1 ApplicationofMechanicalModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

4.2 Viscoelastic Functions and RelaxationTransitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

4.3 Viscoelasticity and Curing Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

4.4 Properties of ThermoplasticApparent IPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

4.5 Features of Temperature Transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

4.6 Contribution of an Interphase toViscoelastic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . 126

4.7 Effect of the Domain Sizes on the Glass Transition Temperatures . . . . . . 128

4.8 Relaxation Spectra of IPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

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