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History/Military Троя и троянцы. Боги и герои города-призрака
History/Military The Collapse Of The Democratic Presidential Majority: Realignment, Dealignment, And Electoral Change From Franklin Roosevelt To Bill Clinton (Transforming American Politics)
History/Military Ernesto "Che" Guevara (The Great Hispanic Heritage)
History/Military Luger Accessories
History/Military Congress, Progressive Reform, and the New American State
History/Military Battle in the Baltics 1944-45: The Fighting for Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, a Photographic History
History/Military Native Vote: American Indians, the Voting Rights Act, and the Right to Vote
History/Military The Martinsyde Elephant (Profile Publications Number 200)
History/Military The M.Bloch 151 & 152 (Profile Publications Number 201)
History/Military The Douglas A-20 (7A to Boston III) (Profile Publications Number 202)
History/Military The Heinkel He 162 (Profile Publications Number 203)
History/Military Democracy without Competition in Japan: Opposition Failure in a One-Party Dominant State
History/Military Globalization of Capital and the Nation-State: Imperialism, Class Struggle, and the State in the Age of Global Capitalism
History/Military Performances of the Sacred in Late Medieval and Early Modern England (Repost)
History/Military Demography and Roman Society (Ancient Society and History)
History/Military Reducing Poverty Through Growth And Social Policy Reform in Russia (Directions in Development)
History/Military Screening Politics; The Politician in American Movies, 1931-2001
History/Military Between Self-Determination and Dependency: Jamaica's Foreign Relations 1972-1989
History/Military Political Psychology: Key Readings
History/Military Anglo-Norman Studies 24: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2001
History/Military The Collapse Of The Democratic Presidential Majority: Realignment, Dealignment, And Electoral Change From Franklin Roosevelt To Bill Clinton (Transforming American Politics)
History/Military Ernesto "Che" Guevara (The Great Hispanic Heritage)
History/Military Luger Accessories
History/Military Congress, Progressive Reform, and the New American State
History/Military Battle in the Baltics 1944-45: The Fighting for Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, a Photographic History
History/Military Native Vote: American Indians, the Voting Rights Act, and the Right to Vote
History/Military The Martinsyde Elephant (Profile Publications Number 200)
History/Military The M.Bloch 151 & 152 (Profile Publications Number 201)
History/Military The Douglas A-20 (7A to Boston III) (Profile Publications Number 202)
History/Military The Heinkel He 162 (Profile Publications Number 203)
History/Military Democracy without Competition in Japan: Opposition Failure in a One-Party Dominant State
History/Military Globalization of Capital and the Nation-State: Imperialism, Class Struggle, and the State in the Age of Global Capitalism
History/Military Performances of the Sacred in Late Medieval and Early Modern England (Repost)
History/Military Demography and Roman Society (Ancient Society and History)
History/Military Reducing Poverty Through Growth And Social Policy Reform in Russia (Directions in Development)
History/Military Screening Politics; The Politician in American Movies, 1931-2001
History/Military Between Self-Determination and Dependency: Jamaica's Foreign Relations 1972-1989
History/Military Political Psychology: Key Readings
History/Military Anglo-Norman Studies 24: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2001
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History/Military Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759-1789
Posted on 2010-03-15
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More Stanley J. Stein, Barbara H. Stein "Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759-1789" Once Europe's supreme maritime power, Spain by the mid-eighteenth century was facing fierce competition from England and France. England, in particular, had successfully mustered the financial resources necessary to confront its Atlantic rivals by mobilizing both aristocracy and merchant bourgeoisie in support of its imperial ambitions. Spain, meanwhile, remained overly dependent on the profits of its New World silver mines to finance both metropolitan and colonial imperatives, and England's naval superiority constantly threatened the vital flow of specie. When Charles III ascended the Spanish throne in 1759, then, after a quarter-century as ruler of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Spain and its colonial empire were seriously imperiled. Two hundred years of Hapsburg rule, followed by a half-century of ineffectual Bourbon "reforms," had done little to modernize Spain's increasingly antiquated political, social, economic, and intellectual institutions. Charles III, recognizing the pressing need to renovate these institutions, set his Italian staff—notably the Marqués de Esquilache, who became Secretary of the Consejo de Hacienda (the Exchequer)—to this formidable task. In Apogee of Empire, Stanley J. Stein and Barbara H. Stein trace the attempt, initially under Esquilache's direction, to reform the Spanish establishment and, later, to modify and modernize the relationship between the metropole and its colonies. Within Spain, Charles and his architects of reform had to be mindful of determining what adjustments could be made that would help Spain confront its enemies without also radically altering the Hapsburg inheritance. As described in impressive detail by the authors, the bitter, seven-year conflict that ensued between reformers and traditionalists ended in a coup in 1766 that forced Charles to send Esquilache back to Italy. After this setback at home, Charles still hoped to effect constructive change in Spain's imperial system, primarily through the incremental implementation of a policy of comercio libre (free-trade). These reforms, made half-heartedly at best, failed as well, and by 1789 Spain would find itself ill prepared for the coming decades of upheaval in Europe and America. An in-depth study of incremental response by an old imperial order to challenges at home and abroad, Apogee of Empire is also a sweeping account of the personalities, places, and policies that helped to shape the modern Atlantic world. Download: >>> Download many interesting free eBooks HERE <<<
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